Rules for preparing research work. Conclusions of a research paper How to write a conclusion for a research paper
General requirements:
The work must be completed carefully in compliance with the following requirements:
– paper sheet size A4;
- font: Times New Roman, size 14 (in large tables you can use size 12);
– text must be aligned in width pages;
– page margins: top – 2 cm, bottom – 2 cm, left – 3 cm, right – 1.5 cm;
– line spacing: one and a half ;
Pages must be numbered (the number is placed in the bottom center field).
Volume work is determined by the Regulations on the competition:
All-Russian competition for the best scientific work of students in the natural, technical and human sciences - 35-45 pages;
- Regional competition for the best scientific and creative work of students - up to 35 pages;
Regional competition for the best scientific and creative work of graduate students and applicants - up to 50 pages.
At the same time, applications are not included in the scope of work, which allows the researcher to stay within the established framework.
Structure and content of research work
Any research work must contain the following sections in the specified sequence:
title page;
introduction;
main part;
conclusion;
list of used literature;
applications (if necessary).
Title page
Page numbering begins with it, but the number is not placed on the title page.
A sample design of the title page of a work submitted to the All-Russian competition for the best scientific work in the natural, technical and human sciences is given in Appendix 1, for a regional competition - in Appendix 2. No abbreviations or transfers in the title of the work are allowed. There is no period at the end of the title of the work.
Chapters, paragraphs and subparagraphs are numbered in Arabic numerals. As a rule, there is no dot after the number. The first chapter is numbered 1. Paragraphs are numbered within the chapter; The paragraph number consists of the chapter number and paragraph number, separated by a dot (for example: 1.2). The subparagraph number consists of the chapter, paragraph and subparagraph numbers separated by dots (for example: 2.3.1).
INTRODUCTION…..
Chapter 1. Chapter title….(Theoretical part of the work)
1.1 Title of the first paragraph….
1.2 Title of the second paragraph….
Chapter 2. Chapter title .... (practical part of the work)
2.1 Title of the first paragraph….
CONCLUSION ….
CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS….
List of used literature
Application….
Introduction
The introduction should contain an assessment of the current state of the scientific and practical problem being solved, the basis and initial data for developing the topic. The introduction involves a description of the situation that prompted the student to begin researching this topic. It contains a clear and concise justification of the research topic, its relevance and novelty, the degree of development of the research problem at the present stage, the object and subject of the research, goals and objectives are formulated, hypotheses are constructed (main and specific, working).
Introduction begins with rationale relevance research. Relevance research shows the importance of the topic of work for the development of any theoretical problem or solution of practical problems. Relevance can also be determined by the high prevalence of the phenomenon being studied. Here is a brief description of the state of the area of research of interest (what has already been done in science in this direction and what remains undisclosed), followed by the formulation of the problem in the form of an explicit contradictions between the needs of science and practice and the lack of available knowledge.
Following this, it is determined an object And item research . An object - this is that part of practical activity or scientific knowledge with which the researcher deals. Definition object research allows us to answer the question: what is being considered? Item shows any aspect of consideration, gives an idea of how an object is viewed , what new relationships, properties, aspects and functions of the object reviews this study.
Based on the formulated problem, definition of the object and subject of research, it is established target . Target – this is an idea of the result, of what should be achieved in the course of work.
What is important is the definition novelty research, which is determined by the lack of similar studies, the novelty of the topic, methodological solution, the originality of the statement of the problem, goal, hypothesis
One of the most important points in the study is the construction hypotheses . Hypothesis is a scientific assumption, a preliminary explanation of a fact or phenomenon. Hypothesis requires proof and therefore cannot be trivial. Hypothesis is justified in the course of theoretical analysis and formulates in a concise form the expected results of the study.
The formulated purpose and hypothesis of the study determine it tasks that need to be solved to achieve the goal goals . In scientific research, tasks are usually formulated as relatively independent and complete stages of research.
The introduction usually does not exceed 2 pages.
Studying the literature on the influence of a computer on the health of a primary school student, I concluded that although a computer makes a person’s life easier, it can at the same time cause serious addiction.
When immersed in the virtual world, a person seems to isolate himself from reality and ceases to be interested in his surroundings.
And especially vulnerable in this regard are children and adolescents who have not yet formed as individuals and are easily susceptible to harmful influence.
Moreover, the computer world is so tempting, colorful and fashionable.
Teenagers become addicted to some games, similar to a narcotic. Many computer games evoke an aggressive attitude, but there are also those that develop positive qualities.
The development of new teaching technologies at school requires good knowledge of a personal computer. It is quite difficult to learn how to work in many programs on your own.
You need to have a strong enough motivation to comprehend the “unknown” alone. But anyway It is better to make the computer not a means of entertainment, but a tool for learning. The school will help students with this.
According to statistics, there is an increase in the number of personal computers in students’ homes, but this has not yet affected their health. I assume that students follow the norms of computer use at home. The school pays great attention to technologies that help maintain health.
The attitude of teachers towards the appearance of personal computers for schoolchildren is almost unambiguous: The car is not designed for entertainment, but for work. Children should, first of all, replenish their knowledge, and not play.
Of course, there are games that develop memory and thinking, but modern teenagers most often prefer various “strategies, etc.” And this negatively affects their psyche and performance.
Scientists draw a parallel between frequent computer use and a sharp deterioration in vision in adolescents. Monotonous and prolonged work at the computer leads to excessive eye strain and problems with focusing.
Symptoms manifest themselves in the form of headaches, discomfort in the eyes, blurred images. But, strange as it may sound, children quickly adapt and, most likely, simply do not pay attention to the symptoms that appear.
While conducting research, I found that 52% of respondents exhibit similar symptoms, but they either do not pay attention to it or take a little rest.
Work on the impact of computers on the mental health of second-grade students was carried out throughout the year. The questions and problems raised in my work attracted the attention of my classmates.
So far, symptoms of mental dependence have not manifested themselves in any way among the students of our school, but I think that this may be due to not very frank answers to the survey questions, and imperfect research methods.
Issues related to computer addiction are of great interest to me., because everyone should know how to protect themselves from the negative influence of the computer.
conduct surveys, process and analyze the data obtained.
Among my classmates. It included the distribution of a memo with a set of exercises for the eyes and neck muscles. (Appendix No. 2)
Taking these steps will significantly increase your chances of inflating your final estimate. It is even possible that after reviewing a perfectly written introduction, reviewers will not pay attention to the main text and conclusion. Therefore, the researcher should focus all his attention on writing the introduction.
Undoubtedly, the rationale for choosing your topic is one of the main points of the introduction; one can conditionally call it “an introduction within an introduction.” It is with its writing that a good introduction should begin, which will impress both the supervisor and all kinds of inspectors. Therefore, the main focus of this mini-review will be on writing this part of the introduction.
Writing an introduction begins with an introductory word
Any introduction should begin with an introductory word. For many novice authors who are faced with writing scientific papers for the first time, the first problems begin with the introductory word. What is this introductory word and how to form it correctly?
The introductory word plays the role of a “support” from which further description should begin. Without it, the introduction will be incomplete, since the narrative cannot begin immediately with relevance or with a description of goals and objectives.
If you do not have an introductory word, then during your defense the inspectors may have unnecessary and unpleasant questions that will cause you a lot of trouble.
The introductory word, as a rule, consists of two or three pages of clear text, which in its content fully reveals the problems of your topic.
A correctly written introductory word should contain the following main points:
- Disclosure of basic concepts and research problems. There should be no questions here, you simply point out the main problem of the study and define the main concepts with which you will work.
- You must show the features of interaction between the main object of your research and the outside world. This is a very important question that can show your level of understanding of the topic you have chosen. Since this is the main point of the “introduction to the introduction,” we will describe it in more detail. So, the theme we have chosen will sound like this:
Example of writing an introduction to a scientific paper
Subject: the problem of moral values in modern politics.
Introduction:
The main difference between morality and other organizational and control spheres is that morality does not have material forms, is not materialized in administrative apparatuses, institutions of power, does not have a control center and means of communication, and is reflected only in language, speech and social behavior. Despite this, it is present in all spheres, influencing the stereotypes that govern society, and especially the phenomenon of politics as a social phenomenon. All moral prescriptions have the character of ideals with which all your actions should be coordinated. Morality evaluates the internal experience of actions. Politics, as such, is the most “down-to-earth” object and goal-oriented, i.e. it is focused on achieving specific goals and results. The most important feature of the policy is its reliance on force, the use of coercive sanctions for non-compliance with requirements. Morality rests mainly on the “sanctions” of conscience.
- drew a clear parallel between the main points of his work;
- briefly revealed the essence of their interaction;
- showed what is the main difference between one sphere of control and another.
With this description, there will be no problems with protection.
Afterwards, an ideally written introductory statement should contain a paragraph indicating the development of the problem situation in certain time periods.
Example. It should be noted that the relationship between politics and morality is decisively influenced by the nature of social development in a certain time period and the prevailing sociocultural environment. The mutual influence of politics and morality in classical society, where the main attention is paid mainly to the inertia of consciousness and behavior, is one thing. A completely different situation arises with the transition to the era of technogenic civilizations. To be more specific, the basic content of the interaction between morality and politics reflects the main features of culture and traditions.”
It is important! The introductory word should be a short announcement of the entire content of your work.
Tip #1. Many researchers mistakenly believe that the introduction must be written immediately and completely. This is wrong. Before starting work on the main part of the research paper, it is necessary to write only part of the introduction, namely: relevance, goals and objectives. Everything else is written after the work is completed.
Tip #2. According to the rules, the size of the introduction should range from five to ten percent of the total size of the entire work. On defense this can be given special attention.
Tip #3. The introduction of a research work should be interconnected with its conclusion. At a minimum, the conclusion should list the general results of the work done, and these results must be based on the assigned research tasks.
For the sake of conclusion, it should be noted that the presented scheme for writing an introductory word is not absolutely exhaustive. However, if you follow the recommendations and advice described above, then during your defense you will not have any problems associated with unnecessary questions about writing an introduction to a research paper.
Updated: February 15, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
Kirov regional state educational budgetary
institution of additional education for children
"Ecological and biological center"
RULES FOR PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
RESEARCH WORK
The presentation of the results of the work should demonstrate the ability of students to independently conduct research using modern methods, analyze the results obtained, compare them with literature data, and draw correct and well-founded conclusions.
Research structurework
Subject should be short, succinct, accurate and consistent with the main content of the work.
The structure of the research work consists of the following sections:
Chapter " Introduction"
This section provides a brief description of the current state of the problem, substantiates the relevance of the work being performed, its scientific and practical significance, formulates the goal and objectives, the object and subject of research, and puts forward a hypothesis.
The justification for the relevance of the chosen topic should be laconic and show the timeliness and significance of the topic, state the essence of the problem situation, and show the boundary between knowledge and ignorance about the subject of research. Next, we move on to formulating the goal of the work and specific tasks to be solved in accordance with this goal. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (study..., describe..., establish..., identify, etc.)
There is one goal; several tasks (optimally 3-5). The goal is formulated briefly, in one sentence, and indicates the general direction of research. The goal must be related to the topic (correspond to the topic) and is often consonant with it.
The implementation of tasks is aimed at achieving the goal. Objectives clarify the goal. The formulation of tasks must correspond to the content of the work. Chapter headings are usually derived from problem statements.
A mandatory element of the Introduction is the formulation of the object and subject of the study. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study. The subject of research is within the boundaries of the object and is part of it. The subject of the study determines the topic, which is indicated on the title page as the title.
Example
Topic: Zoobenthos river Vyatka under anthropogenic influence
Object: communities of benthic invertebrates of the river. Vyatka.
Subject: the structure of benthic communities and its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
If the formulation of the topic is figurative, then you should have a second, scientific title of the work.
An important element of research is a hypothesis - this is a position put forward as a preliminary, conditional explanation of a certain phenomenon or group of phenomena. This is a scientifically based assumption about the causes or natural connections of any phenomena or events of nature, society, or thinking.
Chapter " Reviewliterature"
Here the author must demonstrate knowledge of the main works on the issue under study, as well as the ability to work with literature: select the necessary sources, analyze and compare them. In a literature review, you need to show that the author is familiar with the field of study from several sources and is able to set a research problem for himself.
It is advisable to review works on the issues of the chosen topic, and not on the entire problem as a whole. You should not present everything that has become known from reading and is only indirectly related to the work.
At the end of this section, it is advisable to make a brief conclusion about the degree of knowledge and prospects for further research on this issue.
Sometimes the author, not finding the necessary information in the literature available to him, takes it upon himself to assert that the first word in the description of a particular phenomenon belongs to him, but this is subsequently not confirmed.
Literature review is of great importance while carrying out experimental work. An abstract paper consists almost entirely of a review of works, so sections in it are distinguished depending on the specific topic.
The sections described below are available in experimental work and studies of materials collected in the field.
Chapter" Material and research methodology"
At the beginning of the section, you should indicate the area of research, who and when (dates) collected the material, and list the objects of research (observations). In experimental work, the location of the experiment is noted.
Research methods, i.e. the techniques and methods used by the author in his work are determined by the objectives of the research and serve as a tool in obtaining factual material. These include both general methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, observation, measurement, comparison, experiment, modeling, testing, questioning, interviewing), and those that are applicable to a narrow range of tasks.
Methodology, in contrast to the method, represents specific instructions for performing diagnostics, processing data and interpreting results.
If used in work methodology was previously described in the literature, a reference is simply given to the relevant work without a detailed presentation. If changes are made to it, then they should be described in detail and the need for such a step should be justified. The same applies to the case when a completely original technique is used.
The section should list the instruments and instruments used and indicate the accuracy with which measurements of certain parameters were carried out.
Chapter " Characteristics of the study area"
This section is compiled using data from literary sources. It is especially important in such studies as geobotanical and similar ones. Then it should be quite detailed.
Chapter " Research results"
This is the main section, which is most often divided into several subsections, each of which corresponds to a specific task.
It presents in detail the results obtained, which, if necessary, are illustrated using tables, figures, graphs, diagrams, photographs, etc., and in which a comparison is made with information from the literature.
“As a result, we see (Fig. 3) that...” The rules for designing illustrated material are described below.
Working with tables, graphs, and diagrams makes it easy to notice certain trends, catch patterns, and draw conclusions.
At the end of each subsection, a brief conclusion is given, but the word “conclusion” is not mentioned.
If the material is large, then the comparative analysis of the data obtained is included in a separate section: “Discussion of the results.” In this chapter, the author must demonstrate the ability to think and draw conclusions from the data or facts obtained. Here the author has the right to agree with the opinions of other researchers or to object to them, as long as it is motivated.
The final materials are subjected to statistical mathematical processing. This can be done using both common computer programs such as Excel and Statistica, and those specially written for your work (which may become one of the tasks of the work).
Chapter " conclusions"
This section briefly (point by point) formulates the results, gives practical recommendations and outlines prospects for further research. If during the research it was not possible to obtain clear results (which happens all the time and is not a tragedy), then instead of conclusions it is written Conclusion, differing in somewhat more extensive reasoning.
The conclusion acts as an ending and includes a logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks. Here it is necessary to evaluate whether the author has achieved the goal, to what extent the goal has been achieved.
Chapter " Literature"
This section lists all used works in alphabetical order. If there are works published in a foreign language, then they are also written in alphabetical order after works published in Russian. All works are numbered in continuous order.
Chapter " Applications"
Auxiliary and additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part of the work are placed here. They are very diverse in content (for example, original documents, analysis protocols; in form: text, tables, graphs, maps, illustrations, photographs, etc.).
Each application must begin on a new sheet with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a subject heading. If there are several applications, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign). The application page numbering should be continuous and continue the general page numbering of the main text.
The connection between the main text and appendices is carried out through links that are used with the word “look”; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed together with the cipher in parentheses (see Appendix 5).
Decorresearchwork
Research work is carried out on white standard sheets of writing paper (A4 format) located vertically.
There are margins left on each sheet: on the right - 1 cm, on the left - 3 cm, on the top and bottom - 2 cm. The margins are not circled!
The total amount of work should not be too large. Optimally – 15-20 pages.
The text can be printed on a computer with a line spacing of 1.5 characters. The text on each sheet is written on one side only. Alignment to the width of text with word wrapping; in numbers tenths, etc. separated by a dot; the abbreviation in the text must be deciphered; Abbreviations, if necessary, are explained at first mention.
Pages are numbered, starting from the 4th, in the middle of the sheet in the upper margins. The first page is considered to be the title page.
When an animal, plant or microorganism is mentioned for the first time, the species name in Latin and the author who first described the species are indicated in parentheses. For example: “Swordtails were used as the object of study ( Xiphophourus helleri Neck.). In some cases, the authors' surnames may be written in the generally accepted abbreviated form: L. - Linnaeus, Pall. - Pallas, etc. Species and generic names of taxa are highlighted italics, authors of taxa are not italicized.
Botanical work must be accompanied by a herbarium.
Work structure
First l ist - titular. Contains the full legal name of the institution in which the work was performed, the title of the work ( IN CAPITAL LETTERS); Author's FI, class; Full name of the manager and consultant (if any), indicating the position and academic degree (if any), locality and year of work.
On second The contents of the work (or table of contents) will be placed on the sheet.
It contains all the headings and subheadings of the work. They must exactly repeat those in the text. The pages from which they begin are indicated.
All titles begin with a capital letter without a period at the end!
The last word of each heading is connected by an accent to its corresponding page number. The numbering of headings is done according to the indexing system (1.1., 1.2, …1.6.).
On third sheet - "Introduction", the volume of which in most cases does not exceed one sheet.
After the introduction, it starts from the fourth sheet main part ( the phrase “main part” is not indicated in the text! ) , including sections from “Literature Review” to “Research Results” or “Discussion of Results” inclusive.
The main part is written in continuous text with small intervals between sections and subsections. Each section of the main part is numbered. The numbering of subsections is double: first the section number is placed, then a dot, and after it the subsection number. Example: 4.1, 4.2, etc.
All subsections must have a title, which is reflected in the list of references.
After the main part, write on a new sheet conclusions(or conclusion), then, also from a new sheet, literature.
Illustrative material
Tables have continuous numbering and can be placed vertically or horizontally on the sheet.
On the right is written: Table (Number). Below in the middle is the name of the table. If it is taken from a literary source, then a link is given in parentheses after the title. If the results obtained and literature data are summarized in a table, then the reference is placed in the corresponding part of the table. Notes are provided below the table if necessary.
If the table does not fit on one sheet, then it is transferred to the next one(s). On the new sheet on the right it is written:
Table (Number) and after the number - in brackets (Continuation) or (End). The title in this case is placed only on the first sheet.
Drawings, graphs, diagrams, photographs, diagrams, etc. - all of them are designated as drawings (Appendix 6), which also have continuous numbering. Drawings are made with black paste or ink (not colored). All designations that the author needs to make in the drawing are marked only with numbers or icons.
Under the picture on the red line it is written: Fig. (number). Name. Legend: 1 - ..., 2 - ... etc.
For drawings borrowed from literature, a link is given after the title. If the reproduced drawing contains changes from the original, "with changes" is added to the link.
Links are formatted differently depending on the source. Sources may be: books and articles with one or two authors; books and articles with more than two authors (in books, all of them are indicated on the title page, not to be confused with the editor!); books whose authors are large groups, which is usually typical for dictionaries, reference books, and school textbooks.
There are two ways to design links.
In the first case, the surname (or two surnames) without initials and, separated by commas, the year of publication are indicated in brackets. Examples:
“The generally accepted methodology was used in the work (Pravdin, 1966).” “A detailed review is devoted to this problem (Vogel, Motulsky, 1989).”
In another case, the author's surname is indicated in the text of the work. Then initials are placed in front of it, and only the year is written in brackets. An example can be written as follows: “The work used the methodology outlined by I.F. Pravdin (1966).”
Examples: "In a modern reference manual (Dawson and
al., 1991) there is information "or" In the work of F. Bloom et al.
Tori (1988) noted that...".
books (and year of publication). Two methods are also used here: the title of the book without quotation marks along with the year of publication is placed in brackets, or the title with quotation marks in the text and the year in brackets.
Example: “There is the following definition of the studied phenomenon (Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989): ...,” or “In the Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary (1989) this phenomenon is defined as follows: ... “.
The long title of a book can be cited only once, and subsequently shortened. Thus, “Guide to the study of fish nutrition in natural conditions” (1961) will be designated:
"Guide..." (1961) or (Guide..., 1961).
If the text contains a verbatim quotation, then after the year, separated by a comma, you must indicate the page on which the quoted fragment is located.
When using several works of one author in a reference, after the surname, the years of publication are placed, separated by commas, from earliest to latest. For example: (Dubinin, 1966, 1985) or "... N.P. Dubinin, 1966, 1985...". If publications were published in the same year, then after the year of publication the letters are placed: (Schmalhausen, 1968a, 6).
"Most researchers (Schmalhausen, 1968 a, b, 1969, 1982; Mayr, 1974; Grant, 1980; Solbrig and Solbrig, 1982; Yablokov and Yusufov, 1987; Severtsov, 1990)" believe that... ".
When mentioning works published abroad and not translated into Russian, the surnames are written in the text in Russian transcription, and in brackets - in the original language plus the year of publication separated by commas: “In the article by F. Breeden and G. Stoner (Breeden, Stoner, 1987) ... "or simpler - just a link in brackets: "Research conducted by American scientists (Breeden, Stopper, 1987) showed ... ".
Registration of the list of references
There are certain bibliographic rules for various sources that should be followed. Each book or article is written on the red line in alphabetical order in the form of a list: first, works in Russian, then in foreign languages.
Different types of sources have their own rules, but they all include several required elements arranged in a certain sequence:
Title;
Output;
Quantitative characteristics.
Information about the authors is their last name and initials after it. Next, write the completely accurate title of the book, without quotes. The output data is separated by a dot and a dash and includes information about the place of publication, the name of the publisher and the year of publication. In books they are often listed on the back of the title page.
Place of publication is the city in which the book was published. Almost all city names are given in full. The exceptions are Moscow and Leningrad (St. Petersburg), which are abbreviated.
The name of the publishing house is indicated in the nominative case, with a capital letter and without quotation marks. It is separated from the name of the city by a colon. If the publisher is not indicated on the title or its back, this element of the description may be omitted.
The year of publication is separated from the publisher by a comma. After it there is a period.
The quantitative characteristic is separated by a dash and contains an indication of the number of pages. After the numbers indicating the number of pages, a lowercase letter “c” with a dot is placed.
The quantitative description of an article in a journal or collection is an indication of the pages on which it is published. This information is separated by a dash and then followed by the capital letter “C” and the first and last pages of the article in the publication are indicated through a dash. The information is closed with a dot.
Basic examples of designing a list of references:
For books indicate the surnames, initials of the authors (separated by a dot), the title of the book (separated by a dot and a dash), place of publication (separated by a colon), publisher (separated by a comma), year of publication (separated by a dot and a dash), the number of pages in the book (dot).
Glanz S.A. Medical and biological statistics. – M.: Praktika, 1998. – 439 p.
For articles in collections- surnames, initials of the authors (separated by a dot), title of the article (separated by a double slash), title of the collection (separated by a dot and a dash), place of publication (separated by a colon), publishing house or publisher (separated by a comma), year of publication (separated by a dot and a dash ), article pages.
Balushkina E.V. Chironomids as indicators of the degree of water pollution // Methods of biological analysis of fresh water. – L.: Zool. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1976. – P. 106–118 (dot).
For articles in magazines- surnames, initials of the authors (separated by a dot), title of the article (separated by a double slash), name of the journal (separated by a dot and a dash), year of publication (separated by a dot and a dash), volume, number or issue (separated by a dot and a dash), pages articles (dot).
Shcherbina G.Kh. Structure of macrozoobenthos of some lakes of Mongolia // Biology of internal. water – 2007. – No. 2. – P. 62–70.
In the case of a thematic collection of works the description of the source begins with the title (separated by a slash), then after the slash the editor is indicated (separated by a dot and a dash), then a description of the output data (separated by a dot and a dash), quantitative characteristics (dot).
Methodology for studying biogeocenoses of inland water bodies / Ed. F.D. Morduchai-Boltovskoy. – M.: Nauka, 1975. – 240 p.
Shalaev, I.K. Diagnosis of the subjective position of a junior schoolchild // http://www /asuimp/ru.
INTRODUCTION
Topic of the work and rationale for choosing the topic
The research work brought to the attention of the reader is devoted to...
Have you ever wondered why...? I noticed.../thought about this question when...
I've always wondered why...
The desire to know... appeared in my childhood. I was interested in …
The topic of our work: “...”. I chose this particular topic for research because...
In the future, I would like to connect my life with ... that’s why I’m already interested in ... and chose ... as the topic of my research.
I became interested...after one day...
When I... it struck me/I became interested...
Relevance
... has become an integral part of our lives today. We use... without thinking...
The relevance of the topic of our work is determined by the fact that currently...
In the modern world... is of great importance because...
In recent years, we have often heard and used the word...
Many people are interested/fascinated/think...
Today the problem... is one of the most pressing because...
The question... has become the focus of research in recent years...
The topic is the subject of lively discussions...
This is explained by the fact that... affects our health / mood / success
The problem ... attracts close attention of scientists and the public due to the fact that ...
Recently it has appeared... and people have begun to think more and more often about...
Probably every person at least once in his life thought about...
...has always raised a lot of questions among people...
Today there are two opposing views on this problem...
Today there is debate / there is no consensus on this issue...
Novelty
Today there are works devoted to... in general. However, we decided to study this topic using the example of our class/school, and this is the novelty of our research.
Goal of the work
The goal of the work is to find out why...
The main goal of the work is to answer the question ... / prove that ...
Tasks
To achieve this goal, we need to solve the following tasks:
To achieve this goal, we set ourselves the following tasks:
Job objectives:
The tasks of the work include:
Study literature on the topic
Find out the meaning of the terms...
Find examples ... in ... / collect material ... / study the composition ... / measure the level ...
Conduct a survey / experiment / observation
Compare/contrast/analyze the results obtained
Draw conclusions about...
CHAPTERS
First chapter (theoretical)
Basic terms and concepts, history of the issue
The key concepts for our study are….
... called...
On the official website... we found the following definition of the term... "..."
Ivanov V.V. in the book... defines the concept... as...
Petrov V.V. understands the term...
Sidorov S.S. considers...as...
Andreev A.A. in the book "..." gives the following definition...
… - This …
The site... offers the following definition of the concept...
Ivanov’s article “...” in the magazine “...” states that...
It is generally accepted that...
It is generally known...
First, let's look at the history of the issue...
The history of the issue is covered in detail on the pages of modern encyclopedias, for example..., as well as on the website... For the first time....
From the book...we learned that...
As Ivanov I.I. writes. ... in the article ... "...", ...
According to Ivanov V.V. ...
Perhaps this is related...
Besides, …
It's interesting that...
It is a common belief that...
It must be emphasized that...
Chapter two – description of the study
In order to find out... we decided to conduct a survey... among the students/parents of our class. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire/social media survey. The survey involved ... students and ... parents.
Respondents were asked the following questions: ...
The study was conducted on the material...
We took… as material for research.
The examples came from...
The results of the survey are presented in Table 1.
In Figure 2 you can see...
Figure 3 shows...
In this case we see ... / we are dealing with ...
At the same time, it should be noted...
Noteworthy is the fact that...
The diagram shows...
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
Conclusions by chapter
Based on all of the above, we can state...
All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusions: ...
Thus we see...
Hence …
It's obvious that …
As can be seen from everything said above...
From the above it follows that...
Summarizing the above, it is necessary to note the following...
To summarize Chapter 2, it is necessary to emphasize...
Summing up the interim results, we can say that...
As a result of our research, we found that...
In conclusion, it should be noted...
The study allowed us to draw the following conclusions...
The main conclusion I made: ...
During the study, it was revealed/established that...
Thus, we are convinced...
All of the above proves that...
Based on the above, it is logical to assume that...
All of the above convinces us that...
The most plausible version seems to us..., because...
The examples we found and analyzed allow us to identify the following pattern: ...
Conclusion
Prospects for further research
We see prospects for further research of the problem in a more detailed study...
In the future it would be interesting...
In our opinion, it would be interesting to study / explore / consider...
In addition to ... discussed in this work, in our opinion it would be interesting to study ...
The work examines only one aspect of the problem. Research in this direction can be continued. This could be a study not only... but also...
Purpose of work
The study may be useful and interesting for school students who are interested in..., as well as for everyone who is interested in...
The results of our research could help children in...
The work may be of interest to...
The results of the study can be used by teachers when preparing lessons / competitions / quizzes on the topic ....
The work can be used for further research...
With my work I wanted to draw the attention of my classmates to the problem...
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results formed the basis for the rules I developed ... / reminders on ... for ...
What did the work give to the researcher himself?
In the process of writing the work, I learned/learned/discovered/found out...
The work helped me understand / realize / solve the problem / take a fresh look...
In the process of working on the research, I gained experience... I think that the knowledge I acquired will allow me to avoid mistakes / help me correctly...
The results of the study got me thinking...
What gave me the most difficulty was...
The research has fundamentally changed my opinion/perception about...
