Chemically hazardous objects (presentation). Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities Chemically hazardous facilities concept types presentation
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Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities and their possible consequences.
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Emergency chemically hazardous substance
A chemical substance, the effect of which on a person can cause acute and chronic diseases or even lead to death
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Routes of entry of hazardous chemicals into the human body
Through the eyes
Through the nose
Through the mouth
Through the skin
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Largest consumers
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, etc.) Pulp and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid) Engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride) Utilities economy (chlorine, ammonia) Medical industry (ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, nitrile acrylic acid, hydrochloric acid) Agriculture (ammonia, chloropicrin, sulfur dioxide)
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City industries using hazardous chemicals
Metallurgical plant Machine-building plant Confectionery factory Brewery Distillery
Meat processing plant Dairy plant Cold storage plant Utilities Water treatment plants
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Chemical accident (CA)
This is an accident at a chemical waste facility, accompanied by a spill or release of hazardous chemicals that can lead to death or chemical contamination of people, food, food raw materials and feed, agricultural animals and plants, or chemical contamination of the natural environment.
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Classification
1 group
Substances with a predominantly asphyxiating effect
2nd group
Substances with predominantly general toxic effects
4 group
Substances with asphyxiating and generally toxic effects
5 group
3 group
6 group
Neutropic action
Substances with asphyxiating and neutropic effects
Metabolic poisons
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Characteristics of hazardous chemicals used in production
AMMONIA 1.Colorless gas, with a sharp suffocating odor of ammonia 2.Lighter than air
CHLORINE 1. Greenish-yellow gas, with a strong suffocating odor of bleach 2. Heavier than air
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3. Application: - nitric acid - liquid fertilizers - soda - ammonia - for silvering mirrors - as a refrigerant in refrigeration units 4. Signs of poisoning: Irritating the respiratory system, eyes, skin Rapid heartbeat Runny nose Cough Sharp pain in the eyes Nausea Delirium
3. Application: - chlorination of water - for the production of plastic - solvents - disinfectants, bleaches, detergents production of glycerin 4. Signs of poisoning: Sharp pain in the chest Dry cough Vomiting Impaired coordination of movement Shortness of breath Pain in the eyes Tearfulness
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5.Protection: -GP of all types -Cotton-gauze bandage soaked in a 2% solution of baking soda 6.Medical assistance: -put on a gas mask Remove from the danger zone Wash the skin with water, apply a bandage for burns Transport in a lying position If breathing stops, perform artificial breath
5.Protection: -GP of all types -Cotton-gauze bandage soaked in a 5% solution of citric acid 6.Medical assistance: -put on a gas mask Take out of the danger zone Wash the skin with water, apply a bandage for burns If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration Rinse eyes Give inhale warm water vapor
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Causes:
High level of depreciation of fixed production assets Imperfect production technology Negligence of industrial personnel Lack of modern protection systems Natural disasters
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Consequences:
Environmental contamination with hazardous chemicals Massive injury to people Chemical contamination of the ground layer of the atmosphere Contamination of water sources, soil, vegetation
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Protection of the population from hazardous substances
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Basic ways to protect the population from hazardous chemicals
Personal respiratory protection (cotton-gauze bandage, respirator, gas mask) Use of protective structures (shelters) Temporary shelter for the population in residential and public buildings Evacuation of the population from areas of possible infection
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Protective structures
Asylum
Built-in
Freestanding
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Evacuation of the population
On foot
Transport
Combined
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Early Actions
Creation of a system and establishment of a procedure for notifying the population
Training of civil and emergency situations management bodies
Preparation of shelters, residential and public buildings for protection from hazardous chemicals
Determination of evacuation areas
Accumulation of protective equipment and determination of the procedure for providing them to people
Preparing the population for protection from hazardous chemicals
Chemical accidentA chemical accident is a violation
technological processes on
production, damage
pipelines, tanks, storage facilities,
vehicles, leading to
release of emergency chemical hazardous
substances (hazardous chemicals) into the atmosphere in
quantities that pose a danger
for the life and health of people,
functioning of the biosphere.
Classification of chemical accidents
Chemical accidents are classified as follows:accidents with the release or threat of release of hazardous chemical substances
(hazardous hazardous substances) during their production, processing and storage;
transport accidents involving the release or threat of release of hazardous substances;
formation and spread of hazardous chemicals in the process of chemical reactions,
started as a result of an accident;
accidents with chemical munitions.
Chemically hazardous object
A chemically hazardous object isobject, in the event of an accident on which or
when it is destroyed, it can occur
mass casualties of people,
animals and plants are dangerous
chemicals.
These types of objects include:
Chemical industry,
Petrochemical
industry,
Petrochemical and similar
factories and enterprises.
Chemical hazard levels
Chemical degreeobject danger
is established based on
proportion of the population falling
into the area of possible chemical
infection during an accident
chemically hazardous facility, from
total population.
Causes of accidents at chemical facilities
Violation of established norms and rules for the placement of newly built andreconstructed chemically hazardous facilities;
use of outdated technologies and equipment;
insufficiently high level of labor and production discipline among
service personnel;
violations of the technological regime; design errors and
construction of hazardous chemicals warehouses;
gross violations of labor protection rules during the organization and conduct of
loading and unloading and repair work, during transportation and
use of hazardous substances in the production process.
Actions in case of an accident at chemical equipment
In the event of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, people located near itmust:
wear respiratory and skin protection;
close windows and vents;
turn off sources of electricity, water supply and gas;
take documents and necessary things and, having warned neighbors, leave the area
accidents.
Rules for movement in contaminated areas
Sometimes it becomes necessary to move around contaminated areas. AtThe following rules must be followed:
do not touch local objects, raise dust or step on
liquid spills and powder spills;
do not remove personal protective equipment if toxic substances are detected
remove substances on skin, clothing and protective equipment with a paper swab
or rags;
When moving, do not drink or eat. After leaving the infection zone, you should
carry out sanitization.
Chemical protection of the population
Chemical protection of the population ismeasures aimed at reducing
force or complete exclusion of influence
hazardous chemicals on people
(close population and workers
COO), reducing the scale of consequences
accidents at facilities using
production of chemicals.
Chemical protection measures
detection of the occurrence of a chemical accident and timelyincident notification;
investigation of the chemical situation at the accident site and
distribution of hazardous substances;
protection with personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin;
evacuation of the population from the contaminated area;
protecting the population from exposure to hazardous chemical emissions by sheltering in shelters;
the use of antidotes, treatment of the skin;
sanitary treatment of the population and emergency service participants;
Consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
The chemical can enter the body through inhalation (through the organsbreathing), resorptive (through the skin, mucous membranes) and orally (gastrointestinal
tract).
Acute chronic poisoning occurs in the human body. It's connected with
high rate of penetration of the substance into the blood, increased pulmonary ventilation
and an increase in blood flow in the lungs during difficult work.
To determine the environmental consequences of accidents at chemical facilities,
the processes of distribution of harmful substances in the environment and their migration speed are studied
in different conditions. Accidents can lead to serious disruptions in ecosystems.
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Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities Krainova E.V., teacher, Pomogalovskaya secondary school, Tutaevsky districtSlide 2
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