Tourism policy. Tourism policy Pricing and its essence. Price functions

Here we will only note that in order to carry out effective marketing it is necessary to have a clear goal setting, knowledge of the market and tourism products.

Tourism promotion activities are an integral part of government marketing and are aimed at awakening demand among potential customers. According to WTO recommendations, these activities should be aimed at creating a high-quality image of the country based on its attractive symbolic characteristics. There are different ways to create a high-quality image of the country - these are meetings of specialists with journalists invited to the country, business trips of domestic specialists abroad, appearances on television and radio, free distribution of brochures, slides and video materials, as well as participation in various exhibitions and fairs, for which purchased stand. Since the number of organizations involved in tourism promotion activities is large, coordination of activities, which is usually carried out by representative offices of government organizations abroad, plays an important role.

Funds allocated from the budget for activities to promote the country’s tourist image can exceed half of the budget of government organizations, with most of the budget going to finance public relations (from one third to two thirds).

The effectiveness of promotional activities can be increased through international cooperation agreements between tourism ministries or organizations responsible for tourism. The purpose of these activities is to exchange or combine promotional efforts (distribution of posters, audio and visual materials, sharing of representative offices, etc.).

There are various means by which the state can regulate prices for tourism products. Firstly, many of the country's attractions are under the influence of the public sector, most airlines are controlled by the state, and in many developing countries even hotels are owned by the state. As a rule, social infrastructure and transport networks are considered natural monopolies, and if they are not owned by the state, they should at least be controlled by it. Indirectly, the state can influence the price through economic levers (for example, using foreign exchange controls, which can lead to restrictions on currency exchange, as a result of which tourists will be forced to exchange currency at an inflated price and thereby increase the real price of travel); through sales taxes, opening stores in customs zones, etc.

The state, in addition to the above levers, can influence demand through licensing or grading according to the quality of service. This measure is especially often used in the hotel business, when the number of rooms supplied exceeds demand and the government cannot correct this imbalance through price regulation. Price regulation is a very unpopular measure in a market economy, which the governments of some countries still take in order to restrain domestic companies from the temptation to obtain short-term benefits to the detriment of the long-term interests of the country's tourism business. In addition, the government, by controlling prices, can protect the interests of tourists, protect them from excess costs and, thus, maintain the country's reputation.

To regulate demand, some states are taking measures to restrict the entry of tourists, for example, reducing the number of visas issued in the country from which tourists arrive, reducing the construction of hotels near natural attractions or closing the latter from visits for the purpose of environmental protection, etc.

In contrast to demand management, aimed at the choice of tourists and price regulation, government regulation of supply is associated with the impact on sellers of tourism services. To manage supply, the state uses the following methods: market research and planning, market regulation, planning and control over land use, housing regulation, taxes, investments. The state conducts market research by collecting statistical material and monitoring changes occurring in tourism in order to determine the benefits and costs of tourism.

The economic criterion that characterizes the optimal functioning of the market is the awareness of customers about the alternatives offered to them. The government makes sure that clients have the opportunity to choose, are informed, and are insured against various types of fraud on the part of service sellers. The state can regulate the market by imposing obligations on sellers towards consumers not in the form of legal norms, but in the form of rules that have the nature of conditions for membership in various tourism organizations. To ensure competition and protect the market from monopolization, the state carries out legal regulation of the market.

Many countries have rules for the development of cities and regions, according to which the methods of land use change and develop. As a rule, state control is aimed at protecting landscapes and unique corners of nature. The state also prevents land speculation by publishing site plans, with strict requirements for land allocated for tourism development. Control over the use of land is accompanied by regulation of construction and consists of architectural supervision. Many countries have adopted laws protecting historical and architectural monuments.

One of the key methods of government influence on tourism is taxation of tourists in order to redistribute the costs of tourism that fall on the local population, providing comfortable conditions and decent service to guests, as well as to increase budget revenues. These are taxes levied on tourists in hotels for accommodation, at airports when purchasing tickets, in casinos, where the state can take about half of the proceeds, etc. However, the introduction of taxes may not always be favorable for the state, because the collection of taxes, in turn, can reduce the demand for tourism services, and therefore income. For example, an accommodation tax forces hotel owners to raise service prices, which can lead to a decrease in demand for hotel services and thereby can reduce the income of the same hotels.

Investments in the tourism sector can come either from the private and public sectors of the economy, or from international organizations.

The actual amount of financial assistance provided to tourism by the state is determined by the importance of the tourism sector in the country's economy and the specific difference between this sector and others.

Government subsidies come in different forms, ranging from measures to promote a positive image of the country to the provision of tax benefits for tourism activities. Among the main types of public investment are: reduction in the price of investment in tourism projects, which includes favorable loans at favorable interest rates (the government makes up the difference between the fixed interest rate and the market), sale or lease of land or infrastructure at a price below market, tax incentives, protection from double taxation by concluding agreements with other countries, reducing duties, direct subsidies or providing guarantees on investments in order to attract foreign investors, etc. To do this, the government either guarantees a loan or guarantees the repatriation of capital and profits. In fairness, it must be said that investing in tourism is a very risky undertaking, since this type of activity is very sensitive to economic, political, climatic and other changes that can sharply reduce the flow of tourists and thereby significantly affect tourism receipts. Therefore, the state should make more efforts to attract investment in the tourism sector than in other sectors of the economy.

The government must ensure that the above types of incentives are used for their intended purpose and that projects correspond to the purposes for which the money was allocated.

The awarding of grants or loans, in addition to government-sponsored investment banks, is carried out by NTOs, which will be discussed below, and the Tourism Development Corporation. Taxation is under the control of the Ministry of Finance. In developing countries, the tourism sector may be financed by other international agencies.

Different countries prefer different types of incentives. For example, Greece and Portugal use concessional loans; in Austria, soft loans make up half of all investments and are issued at a 5% commission for 20 years; France, Italy and the UK pay particular attention to subsidies; Spain has introduced a low value added tax when purchasing imported goods.

International investment in the tourism sector comes from both international organizations and the private sector. The main foreign borrower is the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD). Its activities are aimed at ensuring normal living standards in developing countries through long-term financing of infrastructure development in these countries. Direct investment in tourism development is not a priority area of ​​this bank, but it finances joint projects using export loans. The Bank encourages institutions that insure loans in the countries of potential suppliers and issues guarantees primarily to competitive suppliers selected through a tender.

Unlike the World Bank, short-term loans are provided by the International Development Association, and the International Finance Society takes an equity participation in projects.

The European Union also invests in tourism through the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD), which was founded in 1975, and provides financial assistance to underdeveloped regions of the union. When awarding grants, EFRD gives preference to those projects that develop the current type of tourism today - rural tourism and that actively promote the historical and cultural heritage of the region. EFRD grants are loans on special terms for 40 years, with 1% interest per annum for the first ten years.

Among other organizations financing the development of tourism in Europe, we can highlight the European Investment Bank (EIB), which subsidizes the difference in interest rates with resources obtained on international credit markets at preferred interest rates, thus performing intermediary services. For example, the EIB financed the construction of the Channel Tunnel, the construction of Disneyland in Paris, the expansion of Frankfurt, Munich and Hamburg airports in Germany and Stansed Airport in the UK.

One of the main sources of risk when investing in tourism is its huge capital intensity in relation to operating expenses. This is due to the high cost of premises and equipment. Capital accumulates slowly over a long period of time, and the return on investment is also slow. Therefore, the primary goal is to reduce the cost of capital.

Due to the complex nature of the tourism product, it is impossible to solve all the tasks assigned to the tourism sector of the economy.

Almost everywhere, governments are actively inserting themselves into the economies of countries to support the private sector. However, studies of the effects of government intervention in different countries show that in countries with weak market economies, such intervention distorts the market rather than corrects it.

Tourist organizations

As a rule, with the increasing importance of tourism in the country’s economy, the government’s involvement in the industry also increases through a ministry with appropriate powers or through the participation of various international organizations. The flagship of international tourism is the World Tourism Organization (WTO). There are also other international organizations that are somehow related to tourism, such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

In addition, there are many regional organizations such as the European Travel Commission (ETC), the Asia Pacific Travel Association (PATA), the Caribbean Tourism Organization, etc. Their efforts are mainly aimed at marketing, promotion and providing technical assistance. The WTO is a more operational rather than advisory body. His responsibilities include providing assistance to member countries of this organization, research work consisting of seven main areas of research (world tourism trends; tourism markets; enterprises and their equipment; tourism planning and development; economic and financial analysis; the impact of tourism; providing it for abroad); provision of statistical information; harmonization of policies pursued by different countries; assisting participating countries in maximizing the positive impact of tourism on their economies; sponsoring education and advanced training, etc.

The WTO is the successor to the International Society of Official Tourism Organizations (UOTO), which since 1946 has united about 100 NTOs. The WTO was created at the Extraordinary General Assembly of the UOTO, held in Mexico from 17 to 23 September 1975, and became the successor to the international activities previously carried out by the UOTO.

The WTO has four levels of membership.

Ordinary members are countries that have ratified or agreed to the WTO's constitutional charter. As of January 1, 1994, the WTO included 120 countries.

Currently, three territorial formations are associated members - the Netherlands Antilles, Gibraltar and Macau.

The permanent observer is the Vatican.

The affiliated members as of January 1, 1994 were 187 international non-governmental public and private institutions that are actively involved in tourism: hotel and restaurant chains, travel agencies, airlines, tourism educational and research institutes and centers. These institutions are united in the Committee of Affiliate Members and pay dues to the WTO. They are invited to participate in the work of various WTO bodies and carry out special activities that other international organizations cannot carry out.

The structure of the WTO includes: the General Assembly, the Executive Council, the General Secretariat, the Regional Committee, the Committee of Affiliate Members, as well as various commissions and specialized committees.

General Assembly- a compulsory body of the organization, consisting of delegates from ordinary and associate members. They meet twice a year to adopt the organization's budget and various recommendations. Decisions are made by a two-thirds vote. The General Assembly created six regional commissions: for Africa, America, East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. These organizations are called upon to carry out the recommendations of the assembly to their respective regions and encourage intraregional tourism.

Executive Council brings together 20 ordinary member countries elected at the assembly. They meet twice a year and develop the necessary measures to implement the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly. They execute and control the organization's budget. Within the Executive Council, there are four supporting committees: the Technical Committee for Programs and Coordination, the Finance and Budget Committee, the Environment Committee, and the Simplification Committee. The latter is developing measures that simplify customs regulations, police controls and health controls.

General Secretariat consists of a secretary general and a staff of 85 international representatives; it is based in Madrid. The Secretary General applies the directives of the assembly and council. As the head of the secretariat, he manages the activities of the organization, represents the program of relations with the governments of the participating countries, and manages the accounts of the council. He is elected on the recommendation of the council by a two-thirds vote for a four-year term. However, according to Article 22 of the WTO Charter, the mandate of the Secretary General can be extended.

Committee of Affiliate Members organized by working groups: youth tourism, consumer choice and behavior, investment in tourism, tourism and employment, tourism and health, tourism and media. The European Travel Commission was created by national tourism organizations of European states as a non-profit organization in 1948 and unites 21 countries. Its work is supported by the European Union, which views tourism as an industry of great economic and social importance. The purpose of the commission is:

Favoring the cooperation of international tourism in Europe;
- conducting research;
- exchange of information when designing tourism development and marketing schemes;
- promoting the tourism product in other European countries and the European tourism product in countries around the world, especially in North America and Japan.

Most countries have their own national tourism organizations. Some of them, for example in France and Spain, are part of the government, while others are created independently of the government, but are supported by centralized financial injections, as in the UK (NTOs of these countries are discussed in more detail below). The U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration is supported by the federal government, but most marketing and development responsibilities fall to individual states. The organization is funded by annual federal loans of $17.5 million and private sector partnerships of $20 million. The organization represents the United States in the WTO and has the following responsibilities:

Promotion of travel to the USA;
- reducing barriers to tourism development;
- promotion of cheap tours and services;
- collection of tourist information.

As a rule, tourism ministries are created in tourist countries, especially in island countries. However, some of them have either a state department for tourism, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Economy, or a department of foreign trade, or, finally, a tourism department within the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Entertainment. In states with decentralized power, tourism is subordinate to the local administration. It also happens that responsibilities for tourism development are shared between the federal government and the management of the territorial entity.

In some countries, national tourism organizations are private with their own charter. Their income is generated from various resources. The presence of these organizations depends on the demand for their services in the market. But here the question sometimes arises: how can NTOs engage in commercial activities? In this regard, there may be misunderstandings among the private sector and accusations of unfair competition against NTOs, since they are financed without taxation. Given this situation, many countries have introduced special taxes on the private sector to support the work of NTOs.

The structure of an NTO depends on its responsibilities. According to WTO recommendations, these responsibilities are as follows:

Representing government interests in tourism internationally;
- conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements in order to increase tourist flows between participating countries;
- organization of joint marketing research of the tourism market;
- optimization of national tourism resources;
- attraction of technical and financial cooperation;
- ensuring mutual simplification of customs control;
- police and monetary regulation;
- support for technology transactions (for example, in hotels and winter sports venues);
- organization of tourism services on a national and international scale;
- planning and development of tourism (drawing up a tourism development plan);
- regulation and control of enterprises involved in tourism (regulation and legal support in the hotel industry, classification of hotels and restaurants, inspection and study of licenses for the right to operate);
- publication of statistics, reviews, market research (studying opinions, researching consumer behavior);
- marketing of tourism products in other countries (creation of travel agencies abroad to provide information and sales; publication of brochures, leaflets, guides and special tourist information);
- promotion of foreign tourist centers at home (campaign in the press, radio, television);
- activities to facilitate, unify or eliminate customs and border controls;
- creation of structures for receiving guests and providing tourist information (special police instructions were drawn up in 19 countries to assist guests);
- provision of professional training in tourism (courses, seminars, training programs);
- protection and preservation of tourism resources and the exclusive heritage of the country (monuments, historical sites), campaigns for the protection of culture and art;
- environmental protection (conducting campaigns to protect nature, recreation parks, natural resources).

In fulfillment of these responsibilities, the WTO has identified four key government functions to oversee tourism development: marketing, coordination of tourism activities and development, planning, legal affairs and financing. Taking this into account, Fig. 6.1. the structure of NTO is given

Rice. 6.1. Structure of the national tourism organization.

The marketing service is very important for NTO and it is multifunctional. This service forms the organization’s marketing strategy and promotes the country’s tourism product with the help of advertising materials and publicity means. It also serves business tourism with specific types of services: organizing meetings, exhibitions, etc. The development department plays a coordinating and strategic role. The planning department combines day-to-day project management with long-term development planning. And lastly, the administrative department deals with legal support for tourism and financial issues.

In many countries of the world, for dialogue with NTOs, protecting the interests of their sector and further development, tourism specialists create professional non-profit associations, which, as a rule, are represented by advisory councils - tourism councils. Internationally, they are united in non-governmental specialized international organizations:

World Association of Travel Agencies and Tour Operators (WATA);
- International Council of Travel Agencies (ICTA);
- Universal Federation of Travel Agents Associations (UFTAA).

The goals of these organizations are exchange and contacts between specialists from different countries, joint development of tourism policies in scientific centers and active lobbying of their interests in international organizations.

Tourism development planning and policy

Depending on the level of economic development, countries use different methods for planning tourism development. However, they all have common characteristics and mainly consist of three stages:

Collection and analysis of information about resources;
- application of analytical tools;
- analysis of decisions and selection of a priority option.

First of all, the planning authorities represented by the state and local residents must recognize that tourism development is a desirable choice for the country. To draw up a development plan, it is necessary to have a clear idea of ​​the goals that should be achieved through tourism. These goals could be: full distribution of direct and indirect income from tourism among the largest part of the local population; conservation of natural, socio-cultural resources as an integral part of tourism development; maximizing foreign exchange earnings to strengthen the country's balance of payments; "attracting solvent clients; increasing employment; supporting lagging regions by increasing incomes and employment of the population of these regions.

In developing countries, unlike industrialized countries, there is no sufficiently clear system for collecting statistical information. To be comprehensive, the information should include: characteristics of tourists and tourist accommodation; economic structure; environmental characteristics; legal regulation; investments, etc. It should be noted that in international tourism the issue of the quality of the resources used is acute.

Once goals are set and statistical information is collected, it is processed and analyzed. Using economic and mathematical models used to plan optimal tourism development, and multivariate calculations, potential income and required investments for infrastructure development are assessed. The impact of tourism development on the local population and the environment is analyzed using key indicators (employment, profits, government revenues, foreign exchange earnings).

In addition to quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis is also carried out, for example, analysis of the market, organizational structure and training programs. After this, a development plan and recommendations for the implementation of appropriate policies are drawn up.

After analytical processing of preliminary information, several alternative solutions are obtained at once, from which higher-priority tourism development plans are selected, taking into account risk avoidance and any negative impact on the economy, ecology and socio-cultural environment. Drawing up a development plan includes preparing programs for market organization, promotion, rational use of land, infrastructure development, as well as assessing the effectiveness of the proposed plan.

Tourism development planning is carried out at local, national and international levels

At the local level, the development plan is more detailed and specialized than at the national level, and differs significantly from region to region. Plans at the national level, while representing the development of tourism in the country as a whole, must also take into account the specifics of individual regions. At the international level, tourism development planning is carried out by various international organizations, whose developments are advisory in nature for participating countries.

For example, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) brings together the world's major industrial countries, which are also major tourist countries both in terms of tourism receipts and spending by their citizens. The OECD is not a purely tourism organization and does not aim to create a common economic policy for the member countries of the organization, but studies problems, prepares forecasts, recommends methods that should be used to draw up programs for the best development of tourism in member countries.

International and domestic tourism in each country is based on social policies that link tourism development plans with socio-economic development plans. Therefore, it is important to determine the goals and resources of tourism development policies and assess the impact of these policies on production, consumption, the environment and the social environment. However, it should be noted that policies in some sectors of the economy, including tourism, are often not worked out individually, but are integrated into the policies of other sectors of the economy, for example, into production policy, balance of payments policy, land planning, etc.

Tourism policy pursues both economic and non-economic goals. Economic Goals include, for example, the promotion of certain types of consumption with an increase in production in specific sectors of the economy, in special geographical areas, control over foreign trade, employment and economic growth. Non-economic goals include achieving freedom of movement of people, reviving natural and cultural heritage, etc.

Economic policy encourages tourism development through special budgetary, monetary and fiscal measures.

Budgetary measures include government funding from a budget specifically drawn up for tourism and take the following forms:

Loans at very low interest rates, intended for investment in large tourism infrastructure projects;
- subsidies intended to encourage priority areas of tourism development.

Monetary measures are used mainly to support the international competitiveness of a country's tourism product. Some countries reduce the exchange rate of their currencies through devaluation, thereby having a stimulating effect on international tourism demand.

Fiscal measures are tax benefits for tourism companies; they include tax exemptions in whole or in part, or tax reductions.

In addition to economic policy, the development of tourism is also encouraged through social policy pursued by the state, which includes regulation of working hours, vacations, and vocational training. For example, the introduction of a five-week paid vacation in France had a significant impact on the development of tourism in the country.

There are significant differences in the implementation of tourism development policies between industrialized and developing countries. In many industrialized countries where unemployment is high, tourism takes priority in creating a large number of jobs. In this regard, they pay great attention to the policy of updating existing tourism products and searching for new resources for tourism, land development, environmental protection, etc. However, a special place in the development of tourism in these countries is occupied by the policy of promoting tourism products abroad to encourage the arrival of foreign guests in country and thereby justify large investments in the development of international tourism in the country. Unlike developed countries, developing countries do not have sufficient financial resources to pursue an active policy to promote the product and cannot attract a sufficiently large number of foreign visitors and, therefore, receive sufficient funds to develop their tourism infrastructure.

The industrialized countries of North America and the European Union represent the largest share of international tourism at 70% and share common characteristics. They are the main generating countries and receptor countries. In these countries, international tourism is defined as a secondary sector of the economy in relation to other sectors (except in rare cases, for example in Spain) and covers mainly the private sector.

The tourism policy of the European Union countries is aimed at coordinating the development of tourism in member countries. The Union has identified priority areas for joint solutions to problems to ensure the growth of tourism in these countries:

Protection of tourists and their free movement, including: simplification of police and customs controls at borders; increasing the safety of tourists and protecting them from unfair advertising; harmonization of insurance for tourists and their vehicles; informing about their social rights;
- harmonization of rules of activity in the tourism industry, concerning: harmonization of tax policies in different countries; mutual recognition of qualification levels and professional training diplomas; division of vacation periods to relieve the burden on the tourism industry during peak seasons;
- regional development of tourism in order to promote it to undeveloped regions of the union that have tourism potential.

However, the EU, while actively coordinating tourism activities, does not interfere with the national policies of each of the participating countries, adapted to their specific conditions.

In the UK, tourism policy is coordinated by the British Tourism Authority, created in 1969, which is responsible for promoting the British tourism product abroad. The administration employs approximately 400 people, half of whom work in 22 foreign offices, which are managed by three general managers based in the main generating markets: North America, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. The administration's budget is provided by government subsidies and funding from the private tourism sector. In 1993 the budget was approximately £47 million. Art., of which 32.7 million f. Art. came from government subsidies. In recent years, more than 40% of this budget has been spent on advertising and marketing and only a quarter on administrative costs.

To achieve the main goals, namely maximizing tourism receipts and promoting UK tourist centers to all new markets, the British Tourism Administration carries out:

Publishing a huge number of advertisements;
- advertising events abroad through a network of its offices and agents, press, television and radio;
- organization of conferences with the participation of foreign tourism specialists and their British colleagues;
- organizing excursions for foreign journalists to present the country’s tourism products;
- research and assessment of achievements.

The international tourism policy of France, in addition to the country's Ministry of Tourism, is coordinated by the Maison de la France organization. It includes 850 public, private and other public organizations that pay membership fees. This organization consists of a head office in Paris and 38 foreign offices in 29 countries, employing approximately 200 people.

Maison de la France's budget is approximately $69.2 million, of which one-third is spent on public relations and sales, one-third on advertising, and the remainder on communications and operating expenses.

In the 90s, the promotion of the French tourism product to foreign markets was very successful. Experts have calculated that every franc invested in promotion brought in 100 francs in revenue.

To create an excellent image for the French tourism product, Maison de la France, through its foreign offices, distributes brochures, guides and other information about all French tourism products. For members of the association, it provides consultations and provides a compiled database of market research, carries out advertising campaigns and public relations events (trade exhibitions, conferences, business meetings for journalists and tourism professionals, etc.). The key to the success of Maison de la France was the ability to constantly probe the market and, based on the information received, apply different promotion policies in different generating markets. In the 90s, the priority markets for France in terms of volume and potential were Japan, the USA, Germany and the UK, revenues from which accounted for half of the country’s total revenues from international tourism. Other European countries - Italy, Spain and the Scandinavian countries, and more recently Russia - are growing markets for France.

The example of "Maison de la France" clearly shows how the effect of public investments can be multiplied if they are skillfully complemented by investments from the private sector.

The policy of promoting Spain's tourism product to foreign markets is carried out by the Institute of Tourism of Spain, which is subordinate to the Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism. Its main goal is to strengthen Spain's position in the global tourism market.

Spain ranks first in the world in terms of annual budget for foreign promotion policies, which in 1993 amounted to approximately $77.7 million, of which more than 70% was provided by the country's government (Table 6.1). Close cooperation with the private sector is carried out through its integration into the organization and taking into account the initiatives put forward by it, especially in the promotion of specific and environmental products.

Table 6.1. Budgets of national tourism administrations spent on promoting tourism products, 1991-1993, billion dollars.

Countries	1991	1992	1993
Spain	78,905	85,105	77,692
France	63,098	71,698	69,248
Great Britain	55,271	60,242	-
Australia	48,805	51,106	77,49
Mexico	20,543	33,495	36,17
South Korea	28,596	31,917	40,931
Singapore	31,829	-	-
Netherlands	26,15	30,984	29,967
Bahamas	30,981	-	-
Portugal	25,698	30,484	36,283
Ireland	27,121	28,029	25,038
Switzerland	29,149	28,023	29,637
Puerto Rico	29,193	27,798	33,011
Türkiye	14,537	27,6	31,581
Malaysia	22,21	25,52	-
Morocco	20,211	21,307	-
Canada	24,52	21,009	18,72
Hong Kong	16,653	19,735	22,902
Italy	16,121	17,851	18,371
Germany	16,126	16,837	16,542
Greece	29,056	15,193	-
Austria	15,116	14,496	-
Bermuda	13,985	14,12	14,366
Jamaica	-	-	14,061
USA	12,0	12,6	12,6
New Zealand	9,505	-	-
Aruba	9,381	-	-
Tunisia	8,649	9,378	10,601
Virgin Islands	9,3	-	-
Japan	7,546	8,763	19,565

Although tourism is an activity supported primarily by private initiative, the state has traditionally played a significant role in its development. Society needs the state as an institution to maintain order and resolve internal disputes and conflicts, to develop laws and ensure their implementation, to solve social problems, etc.

The effective functioning of the tourist complex is impossible without the intervention of government agencies responsible for its development and carrying out planning, regulation, coordination and control. For this purpose, tourism policy is developed and implemented.

Tourism policy determines the actions of the state in the field of tourism development at the current moment and for a long period of time. Therefore, it represents a set of current and long-term policy directions. The current tourism policy is to promptly regulate the tourism market. Long-term tourism policy is aimed primarily at solving large-scale tasks for the development of the tourism industry, which require considerable investment of time and capital. Therefore, its implementation is designed for a fairly long period of time and often leads to structural changes in the tourism sector and its economic mechanism.

Tourism policy is one of the directions of the state’s socio-economic policy; it is aimed at strengthening the tourism economy and increasing the economic efficiency of this sector of the national economic complex. The State also ensures access to funds, land and qualified personnel, while ensuring that tourism is developed in the interests of the entire community.

State tourism policy- this is the activity of the state to develop the tourism industry, rational use of tourism resources, increase the efficiency of the tourism industry and strengthen on this basis the political, economic and social potential of the country.

The state’s responsibility for the development of the tourism industry is due to the following main reasons:

• - control over the process of development of tourism activities is necessary, based on the concept of the planned development of the country, which is impossible without defining national priorities identified at the state level;
• - the basis of any socio-economic activity, including tourism, is the development of infrastructure, which is within the competence of authorities both in the center and locally;
• - government intervention is necessary in certain cases, for example, when producing equipment for those types of activities where the private sector cannot count on high profits, therefore, will not be interested in investments, for example, for social, youth, cultural tourism. The same can be said about the implementation of projects that require significant investments, the volumes of which exceed the capabilities of the private sector;
• - when making decisions on investments, state support for tourism is required, as well as economic and legal regulation of this area by the state. Industry projects and development programs developed under the auspices of the state help attract funds to this sector.

The state's tourism policy is a set of forms, methods and directions of the state's influence on the functioning of the tourism sector. The state's tourism policy has all the characteristic features of its general policy. However, it also has its own characteristics, formed under the influence of certain specific factors. These include:

• - natural conditions of the country (climate, geographical location, relief, flora, fauna), affecting tourism policy depending on the presence or absence of any objects, phenomena or factors of potential interest to tourists, on their rational or irrational use for tourism;
• - transport conditions that determine the accessibility of objects that attract tourists;
• - social, economic and legal conditions for tourism development.

In addition, it must be borne in mind that the state’s tourism policy is built not only taking into account internal conditions. Any country entering the international tourism market enters into a complex system of competitive relations with other states and world regions. The role and place of a particular state in the international tourism market depends on how correctly and effectively the tourism policy is structured and implemented.

The goals of tourism policy are determined by the specific economic and historical realities of the country or region and the stage of development of the tourism industry itself. This means that during the period of the formation of tourism in a country and its establishment in the international tourism market, some goals can be set, and during the period of achieving a high level of development of the tourism sector, others. In most countries seeking to develop the tourism market, the main goals of tourism policy are the following:

• - effective use of existing tourism potential;
• - improving the equipment of tourism industry facilities; development of tourism taking into account the characteristics of natural conditions; development of concepts for the development of regional tourism; establishing rules for land use and protection of recreational lands;
• - increasing the reliability, safety and profitability of the network of tourist transport parks;
• - adoption of rules for tourist services and control over the quality of tourist services;
• - providing benefits to stimulate private investment in socially significant types of tourism;
• - increasing the share of occupied places, increasing the profitability of tourism industry enterprises during low seasons;
• - encouraging cooperation between organizations involved in tourism;
• - organization of a system of tourism education and professional training of persons wishing to work in the field of tourism;
• - assistance in the development of advertising, organization of fairs, festivals, sports and entertainment shows and other events.

As for practical activities, the state can focus on both individual goals and their totality. The main task in any case should be to meet the needs of tourists while rationally using the existing tourism potential, ensuring sustainable development of tourism, protecting the rights of travelers, the interests of producers of the domestic tourism product and full support for domestic and inbound tourism. The forms of such support vary from direct investments aimed at the formation and development of tourism infrastructure, costs for personnel training, scientific and advertising and information support for promoting the national tourism product on the world market, to tax and customs benefits that stimulate the influx of investment, the development of domestic and inbound tourism.

Based on the state tourism policy, local authorities formulate local goals that are implemented at the level of certain regions: increasing the tourist attractiveness of the region; environmental conservation; increase in the length of stay of tourists in the region; increasing cash receipts from tourism; improving the use of material and technical base and tourism infrastructure, etc.

The mechanism for implementing the state’s tourism policy includes the development of concepts for tourism development; development of targeted programs for the development of tourism both at the level of the entire country and at the level of an individual region; development of specific measures to achieve the goal; state regulation of tourism activities.

The implementation of tourism policy goals requires vertical and horizontal coordination of the activities of various institutional elements integrated into the tourism system. As a result, tourism policy should be considered as an integral part of the general policy of the state related to tourism, as an activity closely related to the economy, social sphere, culture, ecology and other socially significant systems.

As part of the formation and implementation of tourism policy, the state performs a number of functions that ensure compliance with public interests and the functioning of the tourism system as a whole, which include coordination, planning, regulation, marketing of the national tourism product, stimulation, development of social tourism, protection of the interests of tourists, information support for tourism activities, personnel training.

Coordination is one of the most important functions performed by the state in the implementation of tourism policy. This is largely due to the fact that the performance of other functions by the state depends on how much it is able to coordinate and balance the interests of all subjects of the tourism system. The specifics of tourism, the diversity of its manifestations, the involvement of organizations engaged in a wide variety of activities in its structure, the need to combine the activities of business structures and the state, ensuring partnership between government structures and private business are just a small list of reasons that bring the coordination function to the forefront.

The peculiarity of tourism, as already indicated, is that it is not only complex, but also interdepartmental in nature. Therefore, the importance of the coordination process also lies in the fact that in addition to managing the tourism system itself, the state must ensure the interaction of various government structures to solve the problems of industry development. In addition, in connection with the formation of tourist regions and centers, the role of local authorities is increasing, which also leads to the need to coordinate local and national interests.

It is believed that the possibilities of self-regulation of the tourism system, characteristic of the early stage of its development, are practically exhausted, which is due to the following main reasons: the mass of tourist travel caused by the achievements of scientific and technological progress, an increase in the standard of living of people and the influence of other favorable factors:

• - the inclusion of many countries and regions in the tourism business and the resulting aggravation of competition in the global tourism market;
• - increasing the number of organizations, enterprises and industries involved in tourism;
• - increasing the economic, social, cultural and political significance of tourism at the national and international level.

Tourism can develop sustainably only if the state provides the necessary legal, economic, political and other conditions for this. Having given tourism the opportunity to develop only in accordance with market mechanisms, it is difficult to ensure its sustainable development without damaging the natural, cultural and human values ​​of the national economy, as well as the fulfillment of its social functions. The Hague Declaration on Tourism notes that “there are certain limits beyond which the process of decentralization and deconcentration cannot go. Be that as it may, we cannot do without a national mechanism that ensures coordination of the state’s tourism policy at the national and regional levels.” That is why the state must provide measures to restrain the spontaneous development of tourism and direct it into a civilized direction with the goal of “its development in harmonious accordance with the provision of other basic needs and activities of society.”

Planning as a function of tourism policy is aimed at achieving economic, social and other goals set by the state. Planning in tourism is carried out in different areas of activity (development, infrastructure, marketing, etc.) and covers many structures involved in this process (ministries of economics, finance, statistics, transport, trade, education, state and local tourism authorities and etc.), as well as levels (international, national, regional, local and sectoral). The planning function finds its concrete expression, first of all, in tourism development programs (national, regional, local).

Documents from international conferences on tourism indicate that its sustainable, systematic development in each individual country depends, first of all, on state support. “Tourism must be planned by public authorities, as well as local administrations and tourism organizations, in an integrated and consistent manner,” states the Hague Tourism Declaration.

Regulation is a function in the process of implementation of which the state’s tourism policy manifests itself especially clearly. Issues of state regulation of tourism activities are discussed in more detail in subsection. 2.2.

State regulation of tourism is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of an appropriate legislative and regulatory framework that ensures the effective functioning of the tourism market, access to resources and their use for tourism purposes, compliance with and protection of the rights and interests of tourism entities, establishment of rules for entry, exit and stay on the territory of the country, taking into account the interests of tourism development, etc.

Relations in the tourism system are regulated by the norms of both general and special legislation. A large number of legal and regulatory documents are used in tourism. Thus, administrative legislation regulates the procedure for obtaining entry visas, currency legislation regulates the form of payment, and customs legislation regulates the procedure for moving declared goods across the border. Legislative and other regulatory acts directly regulating tourism activities include, first of all, relevant laws (for example, in the Russian Federation - the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”), regulations on the implementation of tourism activities, licensing, regulatory and technical documents on standardization and certification, rules for the provision of hotel services, etc.

Marketing of the national tourism product is also one of the most important functions of the state, which it performs as part of the implementation of tourism policy. It is aimed at the formation, promotion and positive development of the country's tourist image (leading tourist image), which is an essential condition for attracting foreign tourists.

The national tourism product is a set of, firstly, available natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources attracted and used in tourism activities; secondly, tourism and related infrastructure; thirdly, the activities of tourism enterprises to create, promote and sell specific tourism products designed to attract tourists from other countries and regions of the world. Since tourism is a major source of foreign exchange inflows and an important generator of employment for a large number of countries, many governments view country image promotion as a major factor in the overall development of export markets.

In other words, the national tourism product should be understood as the result of the state’s activities to attract and serve tourists and form its own image. A positive image is important not only for a tourism enterprise, but also for the country as a whole, since it is the most important condition for attracting foreign tourists. The concept of a national tourism product is associated with the total supply of tourist services, attractions, conditions of stay for tourists and is, therefore, quite conditional, reflecting the state and level of development of tourism in a particular state. However, despite the convention, this concept has a very specific embodiment and no less specific perception on the part of potential tourists.

The image of a country, as defined by UNWTO, is a set of emotional and rational ideas resulting from a comparison of all the characteristics of the country, one’s own experience and rumors that influence the creation of a certain image. All of these factors make it possible, when the name of a state is mentioned, to build a chain of associations in relation to it. The image of the country is perceived at different levels - everyday, socio-economic, business, etc.

Since tourism has not only economic, but also social, cultural, environmental and political significance, all of the above manifestations of the country’s image must be taken into account when forming, developing and promoting it in the global tourism market. The following marketing communication activities play a critical role:

• - preparation and publication of a basic package of information and advertising materials, including a unified calendar of tourist events in the country;
• - participation with a single national stand in international tourism exhibitions;
• - formation of a network of national advertising and information tourist centers and representative offices abroad;
• - conducting advertising and propaganda campaigns in foreign media;
• - organizing study tours to the country for representatives of foreign media, tourism enterprises and organizations;
• - creation of information banks of data of tourist accommodations, tourism industry enterprises, tours and routes around the country;
• - formation of a unified tourist information network in the country, taking into account its integration with similar international networks, etc.

The most important role in the marketing of the national tourism product is played by advertising and information activities and promotion of the country’s tourism opportunities, participation in exhibitions, representative offices abroad and other events.

The incentive function provides the state with leverage over the tourism system, which is achieved in one of three ways (or a combination of them):

• - financial incentives;
• - support for research and innovation;
• - using marketing to attract tourists.

The incentive system is aimed at the development of certain

components of the tourism industry, regions, products or individual services. In almost all countries, the state takes an active part in financing and creating tourism infrastructure. The following areas of government stimulation of the tourism industry can be mentioned:

• - allocation of government subsidies for the implementation of individual tourism projects. The subsidy system is widely used in European countries such as Austria, France, Italy, and the UK. In this regard, special mention should be made of Greece, where the Ministry of Economy annually determines the total amount of assistance to investors. At the same time, investment priorities in tourism are determined, primarily the construction and modernization of high-quality accommodation facilities and tourist complexes;
• - provision of loans to enterprises in the tourism industry on preferential terms. Thus, the system of preferential loans is widely used in Austria, where they make up half of all investments in tourism and are issued at a rate of 5% for 20 years. At the same time, control over the project for which the loan is issued is carried out throughout the entire period of its implementation;
• - state guarantee for loans and subsidies allocated by commercial banks for the development of tourism;
• - provision of tax benefits. For example, in Spain, significant tax incentives are provided by the state for investments in properties located in areas of “national tourist interest”. In Turkey, the income of tour operators is subject to corporate tax on only a fifth; 20% of tourism income received in foreign currency and converted into Turkish lira is exempt from taxation for 10 years from the date of establishment of the enterprise.

Tourism development will be effective if a national tourism incentive policy is implemented and the development of this sector is planned at the national and regional levels. State investment assistance in the development of the tourism industry may consist of:

• - in the construction of a tourist complex, the structure of which is formed taking into account local specifics that attract tourists;
• - in the development of local superstructure (hotels, restaurants, etc.);
• - in the modernization of communications (faxes, telephones, information systems) and the development of infrastructure (roads, delivery vehicles);
• - in the development of tourism personnel (training and retraining courses for tourism personnel, advanced training courses).

Supporting the development of social tourism, ensuring its accessibility to socially vulnerable segments of the population is the next important function of the state in the implementation of tourism policy. At the same time, large-scale programs are used to provide travel opportunities for disabled people, children, youth and other categories of the population.

The most striking example is the activities of the Swiss Tourist Savings Fund (Swiss Travel Saving Fund), proclaiming tourism as a vital attribute of a healthy society. The concept of social tourism in Switzerland is implemented thanks to a system of holiday checks, which are issued by a specially authorized body and purchased by wholesale buyers (mainly entrepreneurs), and then sold to the population at a significant discount (from 5 to 25%). Among the least socially protected segments of the population, checks are distributed free of charge. As a result of this system and the general interest in the check system, social tourism in Switzerland has become a mass phenomenon comparable in scale to commercial tourism.

The advocacy function can take many different forms due to the fact that tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon. By implementing this function, the state acts as a defender of various socially important interests: consumers, national producers of individual tourism sectors, regions, tourist centers, etc. A special place within this function has the protection of security rights.

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” (No. 132-FZ dated November 24, 1996, as amended on December 28, 2016), when preparing for a trip, during its completion (including transit), a tourist has the right to :

• - necessary and reliable information about the rules of entry into the country (place) of temporary stay and stay there, about the customs of the local population, about religious rituals, shrines, natural monuments, history, culture and other tourist attractions that are under special protection, the state of the natural environment environment;
• - freedom of movement, free access to tourist resources, taking into account the restrictive measures adopted in the country (place) of temporary stay;
• - ensuring personal safety, your consumer rights and the safety of your property, unhindered receipt of emergency medical care;
• - compensation for losses and compensation for moral damage in the event of failure to comply with the terms of the agreement on the sale of a tourism product by a tour operator or travel agent in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• - assistance from authorities (local governments) of the country (place) of temporary stay in obtaining legal and other types of emergency assistance;
• - unhindered access to communications.

At the same time, the duties of a tourist that he must fulfill during the trip (including transit) are established by law, namely:

• - comply with the legislation of the country (place) of temporary stay, respect its social structure, customs, traditions, religious beliefs;
• - preserve the natural environment, take care of natural, historical and cultural monuments in the country (place) of temporary stay;
• - comply with the rules of entry into the country (place) of temporary stay, exit from the country (place) of temporary stay and stay there, as well as in countries of transit;
• - observe personal safety rules during travel.

The implementation by the state of the function of protecting interests acquires

of particular importance in the context of increasing international competition and the general globalization of the tourism market.

Tourism policy is usually considered in two aspects: national and international. The content of the national tourism policy includes activities determined by the state independently and implemented within its borders. International tourism policy includes the so-called conventional influences and activities that a country carries out in concert with one or more states. It is based on treaties and other types of agreements that regulate relationships arising in the process of developing international tourism and do not infringe on the sovereign rights of the contracting parties.

International tourism policy is increasingly being implemented within the framework of the activities of international tourism organizations, as well as political and economic unions of states. Thus, the tourism policy of the European Union countries is aimed at coordinating the development of tourism in member countries, including:

• - protection of tourists and ensuring their free movement (simplification of police and customs control at borders);
• - increasing the safety of tourists and protecting them from unfair advertising;
• - improving insurance systems for tourists and their vehicles;
• - informing tourists about their social rights;
• - regional development of tourism (promotion of tourism in regions that have tourism potential, but in which, for a number of reasons, tourism is at a low level of development).

As for Russia, its tourism policy is an integral part of domestic and foreign policy and represents a set of legal, organizational, social, economic measures and methods of state regulation to create a competitive tourism industry in the country and at the same time conditions for the implementation of the social functions of the state in towards its citizens.

The goal of Russian tourism policy is to ensure the constitutional right of Russian citizens to rest and leisure, freedom of movement, health protection and other rights when traveling through the creation in the Russian Federation of a competitive tourism industry that is capable of self-development and is of great importance in ensuring a high standard of living for Russians.

Based on this, it is possible to determine the basic principles of state tourism policy in the Russian Federation:

• - constitutional provision and observance of the “right to tourism”;
• - stimulation by state authorities and local governments of the development of social, domestic and inbound tourism;
• - ensuring tourism safety;
• - accessibility of tourism for socially vulnerable segments of the population of the Russian Federation;
• - freedom of access to tourist resources throughout the Russian Federation;
• - simplification of tourist formalities;
• - support for small and medium-sized businesses in the field of tourism;
• - stimulating the development of competitive relations and preventing monopolism in the tourism market;
• - support for professional education and scientific research in the field of tourism;
• - taking into account the opinions of public tourism organizations and tourists when the state makes the most significant decisions in the field of tourism.

Tourism policy is based on compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally accepted principles and norms of international law and obligations arising from international treaties of the Russian Federation, legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as social and economic indicators and studies of Russian and foreign tourism markets.

The objectives of Russian tourism policy can be divided into the following groups:

• 1) social, which includes the protection of the rights and interests of travelers and vacationers; creating new jobs, increasing employment and living standards of Russians living in places of temporary stay of tourists; ensuring the effective functioning of the social tourism system; encouraging employers to spend money on health resort treatment and recreation for their employees in the Russian Federation; revival of traditional and creation of new tourism centers, including in small and medium-sized cities of Russia; expanding their geography and diversity;
• 2) economic, which include an increase in revenues to budgets of all levels, an increase in state and municipal revenues; development of the national tourism industry and other related sectors of the economy related to tourism; development of transport infrastructure (construction of roads, airports, river ports, etc.); development of entrepreneurship in the field of tourism; encouraging innovation in the tourism sector, including the development of information technology; creation of special economic zones of tourist and recreational type on the territory of the Russian Federation with favorable conditions for the development of tourism; creating a favorable investment climate to attract Russian and foreign investment in the infrastructure of tourist regions; involvement of indigenous peoples of Russia in tourism activities that are economically beneficial for them; creation of competitive tourism products in Russia by consolidating the capabilities of the state and the tourism industry; integration of Russia into the system of the world tourism market;
• 3) cultural, ideological and educational, which include the formation of an idea of ​​Russia as a country favorable for the development of tourism; protection of the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage of Russia in order to preserve it for future generations; creating a unified information support system and conducting advertising and propaganda activities to promote the national “brand” of Russian tourist centers both at the domestic and international levels; training of qualified specialists in the field of tourism; support for scientific research, marketing research, forecasting the development of the Russian and global tourism markets;
• 4) organizational, which include the formation of an effective system for managing tourism activities at the state and local levels; development of self-regulatory public organizations in the field of tourism, etc.;
• 5) environmental, including the rational use of natural heritage, the development of sustainable forms of tourism using specially protected natural areas, environmental education of the population, etc.

Thus, the state plays an important role in the development of the tourism system both within the national territory and at the international level through the implementation of tourism policy. Its implementation is achieved by performing a number of functions aimed at all elements of the tourism system. The implementation of these functions is assigned to tourism management bodies.

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE

AND ARTS

Department of International and Domestic Tourism

ECONOMY OF THE TOURIST MARKET

Training and metodology complex

For students in the field of study 100200 Tourism.

Qualification (degree) Bachelor of Tourism Moscow 2010 Economics of the tourist market: Study program in specialty 100200 Tourism. Qualification (degree) / Author. Doctor of History, prof. Usachev V.V. M.: Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, 2010 - p.

1. Extract from the state educational standard 2. Introduction 3. Thematic plan 4. Final control form 5. Point-rating structure for assessing student knowledge 6. Discipline program 7. Methodological recommendations 8. Seminar lesson plans 9. Test/exam procedure 10. Questions for the test/exam 11. Recommendations for independent work of students 12. Recommendations for completing abstracts (coursework) 13. Topics of coursework/(cr/c.p.) 14. List of references

1. EXTRACT FROM GOSSTANDARD

Index Didactic units Total hours OPD - Market as an economic phenomenon and object of study F. 09.

- Tourist product and its competitiveness.

-Economic conditions for doing business in tourism.

- Organizational and state legal forms of entrepreneurial activity in the field of tourism, small enterprises.

- Valuation of fixed assets, physical and moral wear and tear, depreciation of fixed assets.

- Working capital of an enterprise as a condition for carrying out business activities.

- Enterprise personnel - as a condition for carrying out business activities.

- Forms and methods of remuneration. Labor motivation and its importance in tourism enterprises.

The concept of costs and cost of services. General principles of cost formation.

Pricing at enterprises in the tourism industry, types and system of prices, price differentiation.

- Main types of taxes.

- Bankruptcy and reorganization of enterprises: The concept and signs of bankruptcy. Factors and procedure bankruptcy.

2. INTRODUCTION (goal and objectives of the course) It is important for students to learn that one of the most important distinctive features of the current stage of development of Russia is the qualitative changes associated with the formation of a full-fledged market economy in the country and the fundamental shifts in the entire system of social relations caused by this process. Causing diverse economic and social consequences, the market becomes the focal point where the patterns and trends of economic and social development are especially clearly manifested.

The academic discipline "Economics of the Tourist Market" is intended for students of specialty 100200 - tourism (Bachelor of Tourism) studying at the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. It is one of the fundamental principles in the training of specialists in the field of economics and management who will have to work in a market economy.

Its purpose is to give students a modern, systematic and structural scientific understanding of the economics of the tourism market, to help them master the conceptual apparatus, familiarize them with modern methods of practical navigation and competently analyze market conditions, and develop the necessary skills to apply the acquired knowledge in practice.

As a result of studying the academic discipline, the student must:

regulation of market activities in the basic concepts of the discipline;

the market of tourism services and goods, make their forecast estimates;

specific products, competition matrix, etc.;

special literature, critically comprehend the tourist market, construct your own position on these issues;

theoretical knowledge.

3. THEMATIC PLAN. (Form of study: full-time).

market research.

th enterprises.

enterprise enterprises.

tourist enterprise Thematic plan. (Form of study: part-time/evening).

Number of hours according to the working curriculum:

Total - 24 hours Classroom - 12 hours Independent work - 12 hours.

1 Fixed and working capital of a tourism enterprise Exam - 0.35 hours.

Exam - 0.35 hours.

Exam - 0.35 hours.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION

It is important for students to learn that one of the most important distinctive features of the current stage of Russia’s development is the qualitative changes associated with the formation of a full-fledged market economy in the country and the fundamental shifts in the entire system of social relations caused by this process. Causing diverse economic and social consequences, the market becomes the focal point where the patterns and trends of economic and social development are especially clearly manifested.

The course of economics of the tourism market should be studied by students in close connection with economic disciplines (primarily such as “Economics” and “Tourism Marketing”, “Fundamentals of Tourism”, “Quality Management of Services in Tourism”), as well as with a complex of management disciplines and social sciences . The study of this discipline involves in-depth study by students not only from the recommended textbooks, but also from the works of leading domestic and foreign experts in the field of marketing and the tourism market, other specialized literature, as well as the latest research in this field of knowledge. Therefore, studying the discipline involves a large amount of independent work by students with literary sources.

Studying by students a course in the economics of the tourist market should help improve the level of their general, as well as managerial and economic culture, the formation of deep professional knowledge and skills of entrepreneurial behavior, economic thinking adequate to the realities of the market economic system and a radical transformation of the economic mechanism of Russian society.

The quality of mastering the academic discipline “Economics of the Tourist Market” is assessed through ongoing monitoring of student performance and intermediate certification of students.

Current control is intended and carried out by teachers to check the progress and quality of learning the educational material, stimulate the educational work of students and improve the methods of conducting classes. It can be carried out during all types of training sessions and educational consulting activities in the form chosen by the teacher or provided for by the thematic plan. The results of current monitoring are reflected in the journal of training sessions and are used by the educational and methodological department of the institute, faculties and departments for the operational management of the educational process.

Interim certification of students (final course or semester control) is aimed at determining the degree of achievement of educational goals in the academic discipline and is carried out in the form of tests, exams, and defense of coursework. The forms of final control are established by the curriculum.

course work is provided. Completing course work is aimed at teaching students to independently apply the acquired knowledge to solve specific practical professional problems, to instill the skills of independent analysis, making calculations, conducting scientific research and justifying decisions. Coursework is completed during the hours allocated for studying the discipline. The department develops an assignment for course work. To supervise the work of students, a supervisor from among the teachers is assigned.

Defense of course work (project, task) by students is carried out in a commission appointed by the vice-rector for educational and methodological work or the dean of the faculty, with the participation of the head of the course work (project, task). Upon receiving an unsatisfactory grade, the student completes work on a new topic or revises the previous one within the time frame established by the dean of the faculty.

A test is provided as an intermediate control in the academic discipline “Economics of the Tourist Market”. The test serves as a form of checking students' completion of coursework, mastery of practical material, implementation of individual programs, assignments of extracurricular workshops in the academic discipline.

The credit is accepted by the professor leading educational classes and educational consulting activities in the study group in the discipline. The test is taken during the semester before the examination session at the expense of the hours allocated for studying the discipline (i.e., study time is not additionally allocated for the test).

The study of the academic discipline ends with an exam. The exam is aimed at testing and assessing the level of knowledge acquired by students, the ability to apply it to solving practical professional problems, as well as the degree of mastery of practical skills in the scope of the requirements of state educational standards of higher professional education and curriculum.

Course exams should be considered as one of the responsible forms of preparing students for the Final State Certification.

This provision was developed on the basis of the Federal Law “On Education” No. 12-FZ, 1996 (Article 15, paragraph 3, Article 32, paragraph 2, 3), Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” No. 125-FZ, 1996 (Article 26, clauses 1, 2, 3), Model regulations on an educational institution of higher professional education of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of Russia dated 5.04.

2001 No. 264.

Course exams and examination tests in the discipline “Economics of the Tourist Market” have a unified structure and include:

- testing of practical skills;

Testing theoretical knowledge using test items on paper or electronic media;

- interview.

When choosing criteria for assessing a student’s mastery of a course program in part-time and part-time (evening) forms of study, the following must be taken into account:

implementation of the course program in terms of practical classes provided for in the curriculum in classrooms and computer rooms;

test according to the classroom (on a PC) and extracurricular control written work provided for by the academic schedule.

The test for both the test and the classroom work is marked as “passed” in the “pass” column of the examination sheet and in the corresponding column on the right page of the current semester in the grade book.

programs, and, with the permission of the examiner, reference literature and other aids.

Students cannot carry mobile phones, pagers, players, laptops or other audio-visual communication devices during the exam.

Testing practical skills and theoretical knowledge must meet the requirements stipulated by the curriculum of the discipline.

comprehensive, systematic and sufficiently deep knowledge of the curriculum material, the ability to freely perform tasks provided by the program. As a rule, an “excellent” grade is given to a student who has answered theoretical questions correctly and sufficiently fully, who has completed all the necessary proofs without significant shortcomings, and who has solved all the proposed problems correctly.

Typically, an “excellent” rating is preceded by the posing of additional, more “subtle” questions, the answers to which must also be correct and clear. An “excellent” mark can also be given for minor imperfections in the presentation of theoretical material and in explaining the progress of solving problems, if they do not affect the essence of the matter and are correctly corrected by the student when asking additional questions.

A “good” grade is given to a student who has demonstrated a sufficiently complete knowledge of the educational program material and successfully completes the tasks provided for in the program. As a rule, a “good” grade is given to a student who has answered theoretical questions correctly, although at the same time experiencing some difficulties in certain elements of the material presented, proofs, and who has correctly solved the problems, while making unprincipled shortcomings.

A “satisfactory” grade is given to a student who has demonstrated knowledge of the basic educational program material and generally copes with completing the tasks provided for in the program. As a rule, a “satisfactory” grade is given to a student who correctly answers the theoretical questions that form the basis of the course being taken, but has gaps in knowledge of other, less important issues, and correctly solves the problem proposed in the exam paper.

At the same time, it is important to establish how much the student understands, although perhaps does not remember, this or that theoretical question, and knows all the main provisions of the course. Sometimes the answer to the main questions and tasks may be unsatisfactory, but by asking additional questions and tasks, a fairly satisfactory student’s knowledge of the educational material can be established.

If a student does not fully know an entire section of the course, then (regardless of the level of knowledge of other sections) he cannot be given a satisfactory grade.

If a student cannot prove the theoretical principles of the course, this is not an obstacle to obtaining a satisfactory grade.

who has discovered significant gaps in knowledge of the basic educational material, who has made fundamental errors in completing the tasks provided for in the program. As a rule, an “unsatisfactory” grade is given to a student who has not correctly solved the problem of the exam paper and has not answered the theoretical questions that form the basis of the course being taken. If a student does not know a number of basic provisions, definitions and concepts, or cannot cope with the simplest examples, or demonstrates gross errors during the answer, the grade is unsatisfactory.

5. SCORE – RATING STRUCTURE FOR ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE

STUDENT

Attending lectures and seminars - 2 points.

Work at the seminar (presentation, independent study and coverage of additional course issues) - 10 points.

Midterm control - 10 points.

Test work (or if there is a test work, essays) – 15 points Bonus - 3 points Total: work during the semester - 70 points (maximum) Exam (test) grading scale: “excellent” - 30 points The total number is the sum of the points accumulated during the semester, and the points received in the exam (test).

During the semester, the maximum number of points is 70, in the exam - 30.

The result is 100 points.

Final grade (put in the record book and in the statement):

6. PROGRAM OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE “ECONOMICS”

TOURIST MARKET"

The essence and content of tourism. Definitions of tourism. Tourist specialized enterprises united by a common idea called the tourism industry. Essence, means, forms of tourism. Types of tourism. The concepts of "Tourist product", "Tourist service". Commodity as a product of labor. Use value and cost of tourism Classification of tourism services. Basic and additional travel services.

Statistics in tourism, tourist flows, income and expenses.

Systems of tourism development indicators at the micro and macro levels.

Economic indicators of the tourism enterprise: revenue, export - import;

cost of goods sold (work, services); labor costs; material costs; labor costs per ruble of goods (work, services) produced; average number of employees; wage fund; profit from sales; balance sheet profitability; accounts payable; accounts receivable;

funds in the current (currency) account of the enterprise; current ratio; coefficient of provision with own working capital, enterprise rating.

Financial indicators: business activity; profitability, liquidity, capital structure or solvency.

Topic 2. Economic environment of the tourism market Economic environment. Its definition. Factors in the economic environment of the tourism market: natural and geographical; political;

economic, social; legal; technological; international;

state

Tourism policy as a system of norms, rules and measures applied by states and institutions to regulate and coordinate tourism activities. Goals of tourism policy at the level of the state and tourism enterprise. Goals of tourism policy at the global level (as defined by the WTO).

Means of implementing tourism policy. National tourism policy. International tourism policy. Forms of their implementation.

Carriers of tourism policy: at the international, national, regional and local level. The Federal Tourism Agency of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation (Rosturizm) is the bearer of the national tourism policy in the Russian Federation. Conditions for increasing the efficiency of the tourism market.

Topic 3. Tourist enterprise as the basis of the tourism market.

Tourist enterprise as a business entity. Definition of the concepts of tourism enterprise and legal entity. Classification of tourism enterprises according to quantitative and qualitative indicators. Signs of the enterprise. Interest groups and the degree of their proximity to the tourism enterprise. Economic goals of a tourism enterprise: subject matter, tourism enterprises, organizational and legal norms and types of tourism enterprises.

The emergence of the rights of a legal entity to engage in tourism activities and the moment of their termination. Tour operator activities as defined by the Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation” (in its Legal basis of tour operator activities.

Travel agency activities. Definition. Legal basis. Types of travel agency activities, their role and importance in the formation of the tourism industry. The procedure for creating tourist enterprises as defined by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Enterprise life cycle. Procedures that may be applied to an insolvent enterprise. Liquidation of a travel enterprise.

Bankruptcy: its causes and signs in accordance with the Law “On Economic Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”.

Economic accounting at a tourism enterprise. Principles of cost accounting.

Topic 5. Labor resources and wages in tourism The essence and characteristics of labor in tourism. Distinctive features of the tourism product from other products. Basic interpretations of the concept of “labor” in economic literature. Labor resources of a tourism enterprise - concept and economic significance. The nature of labor in tourism and its specificity: non-industrial and industrial production personnel. Personnel structure of tourism enterprises. Staffing table. Quantitative characteristics of personnel: payroll numbers; turnout numbers; average number.

Qualitative characteristics of labor resources. The tourism industry is the largest employer.

economic literature and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Functions and principles of salary. Wage regulation mechanism.

The essence, forms and methods of state regulation of wages. Direct regulation. Indirect regulation. Minimum wage.

Collective agreement as a tool for regulating wages.

Salary structure. Tariff system. Piecework, time-based forms of remuneration. Sources of salary payment. Indexing.

Bonuses. Types of bonuses at tourism enterprises.

Payroll Fund (WF). The structure of the wage fund of a tourism enterprise. Payment for actual work performed.

Incentive payments. Compensatory payments. Monetary compensation. Payments and expenses not included in the payroll. Analysis and planning of the wage fund.

Topic 6. Financial resources of a tourist enterprise Organization of financial activities of a tourist enterprise. The concept of finance and financial relations. The essence of finance and its functions.

Formation of cash income. Circulation of financial resources of a tourism enterprise. The role of the distribution and control functions of finance. Financial information. Financial discipline.

Classification of types of financial control. The concept of a financial mechanism, its elements, the role of banks in the activities of a tourism enterprise. The procedure for banks to open accounts for legal entities of different forms of ownership. Current account. Types of accounts that a tourism enterprise can open. Insurance mechanism in the financial mechanism system.

Sources of formation of financial resources. Their classification according to the mode of use of financial resources. Own financial resources. Borrowed funds. Involved funds. The main forms (structure) of the existence of financial resources of a tourism enterprise. The effect of financial leverage.

Investment activity of a tourism enterprise. Investments and attachments: their interpretation in modern economic literature. Direct investments. Portfolio investment. Foreign investment. Objects of foreign investment. Forms of foreign investment. Main directions of investment projects in tourism. Investment attractiveness in tourism. Techniques and technologies for making investment decisions. Sources of financing: internal, external, credit, securities.

Topic 7. Production costs of a tourism enterprise.

Essence, structure and composition of production costs. Types of costs:

accounting, or explicit; implicit opportunity costs;

economic costs; additional costs; marginal costs.

Classification of production costs according to grouping characteristics:

direct (controllable) costs; indirect (uncontrollable) costs; variable costs.

Composition and classification of costs included in the cost of a tourism product. The concept of cost of products (works, services). Material costs. Labor costs; Depreciation charges. Social expenses. Other expenses. Stages of production cost analysis.

Production cost management. Elements of a production cost management system. Organization of accounting using the "direct costing" system.

The main features and advantages of “direct costing”, including in tourism.

Topic 8. Taxes and taxation in tourism The concept of taxes. Essence. Types and characteristics of taxes. The concept of the tax system. Tax law. Principles of taxation. Functions of taxation. Elements of taxation.

Methods of collecting taxes. Tax payment methods. Classification of taxes. The main types of taxes, fees, deductions paid by legal entities, including tourism enterprises of the Russian Federation, the system for their annual clarification.

Special tax regimes. Tax liability. Tax control. Tax return.

Tax audits: scheduled, unscheduled, office; on-site complex, raid, thematic, counter).

Industry specific features of tax calculation in tourism. Benefits and preferences for tourism industry enterprises. Analysis of the tax burden on the activities of a tourism enterprise. The most burdensome taxes based on materials from a study of the business climate for tourism enterprises in the Russian Federation 2007. The concept of tax minimization and the concept of tax shield. Tax shields, their classification and role in the tourism sector.

Topic 9. Pricing in tourism.

Price regulation. Method of direct (administrative) regulation.

Indirect regulation method. The price system in the economy.

Prices and their classification according to economic characteristics:

depending on the sphere of commodity circulation they serve; depending on the validity period; depending on the degree of freedom of prices from the influence of the state in their determination, depending on their use in accounting and analysis at the enterprise and in statistics.

Pricing policy in tourism. Pricing methodology. Pricing strategy of a travel company. Pricing policy of a travel agency.

Factors influencing the price level in tourism: external, internal.

The procedure for pricing in tourism. Determination of pricing policy goals. Definition of demand. Cost estimation. Analysis of competitors' offers and prices. Selecting a pricing method. Calculation and decision-making on the price level.

Methodology for calculating the price of a tourism product. Basic legal acts regulating pricing in tourism. Free prices in tourism. Price formation in tourism and its main stages. The process and mechanism of pricing for tourism products consumed outside the country. Tourist product price structure. Selling price. Elements of the price structure: material costs of the travel agency; labor costs; taxes;

depreciation charges; other costs; profit included in the price of a tourist product; calculation of the target rate of return; taxes, fees and contributions to the budget, extra-budgetary funds; total price of the service;

partner's tour package price. Inflation and sliding price conditions.

The final price level of a tourism product. Penalties for violations in the sphere of pricing.

Topic 10. Income, profit and profitability of a tourism enterprise Income of a tourism enterprise and the sources of its formation. The concept of economic benefit. Income. Types of income. Income from activities. Operating income. Non-operating income.

The essence, sources of formation and mechanism of distribution of profits of a tourism enterprise. Profit concept. Profit functions. Types of profit and their definition: economic, accounting, profit (loss) from the sale of goods (work, services); nominal; real;

lost profits (lost opportunity costs); profit from the sale of fixed assets; taxable income (TIP); costs by type of activity.

Algorithm for calculating the tax base and the amount of income tax:

Income from sales; production and sales costs taken into account for tax purposes; the purchase price of goods purchased for subsequent sale; taxes and fees paid from proceeds received from the sale of goods (work, services); balance of non-operating income and expenses (+; -); The tax base; property tax;

preferential income; profit subject to taxation; income tax.

Principles of profit distribution. The main ways to increase profits.

Profitability of economic activities of a tourism enterprise.

The concept of profitability. Types of profitability. The most common indicators in the practice of tourism enterprises are: profitability of sales and cost; profitability of current costs;

profitability of fixed assets; profitability of working capital;

profitability of production; return on assets and equity; payroll profitability.

Economic analysis of profit and profitability. The essence of operating leverage. Profitability threshold.

7. Guidelines for conducting practical (seminar) classes A seminar lesson involves two types of work: preparing a message on a given topic and participating in a discussion of the problem raised by the message. The message should take no more than 3-5 minutes.

There is no basic type of message preparation and discussion preparation. The difference lies in more careful work with the finished material - its better organization for presentation to the audience. Preparation for a practical (seminar) lesson begins with a thorough familiarization with the conditions of the upcoming work, i.e. from reference to seminar lesson plans. The teacher can conduct a seminar in the traditional form of discussion on given questions based on the proposed sources and completed tasks using information technology. Another option for conducting a lesson for more prepared students is to distribute students into groups and work in a group on their questions with an oral presentation of the results of a joint discussion (for example, one group can prepare an optimistic version of the future development of education in the context of informatization, the other - a pessimistic one). The teacher must allocate time at the seminar to listen to students who have completed a reference and information search on the Internet and surveyed expert experts and users in forums. This form of using information technology in the learning process is innovative.

It is advisable to come to the seminar with a stock of formulated ideas, it is good if they are of your own production; if you are going to use other people’s formulations, then try to navigate them as best as possible;

If you decide to say something at a seminar, then let it be something worthwhile - you should not shake the air with empty words;

Speeches should be as compact as possible and at the same time intelligible. Try not to interrupt the speaker, this is incorrect; comments, objections and additions usually follow at the end of the current speech.

As a result of practical classes, the teacher evaluates student performances in the form of presentations, essays, reports, selections from literary sources and periodicals, Internet information, and active participation of students in discussing current topics of the program.

8. PLANS FOR SEMINAR, GROUP, PRACTICAL LESSONS

Seminar on the topic 1ECONOMIC NATURE OF THE TOURIST MARKET Goal: to form scientific ideas about the essence and main economic categories of tourism, as a branch of the economy and a carrier of market relations.

Issues for discussion:

1. Tourism as a sphere of economic relations and as a sector of the economy.

2. Tourism as a sector of the world economy.

3. Means, forms and types of tourism. Tourist as the basic unit of tourism.

4. System of tourism development indicators Topics of reports:

3. Tourism as a type of economic activity Forms of current knowledge control: according to the rating system.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Seminar on topic 2. ECONOMIC OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

TOURISM

Goal: to define tourism as an intersectoral system with various connections between its individual elements both within the economy of a particular country and in the relations of this country with the world economy as a whole.

Issues for discussion:

1. Economic conditions for entrepreneurship in tourism, external and internal environment of the enterprise.

2. Tourism policy, its composition and structure. State regulation of tourism policy.

3. Main directions for increasing the efficiency of the tourism sector at all levels.

Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. State regulation and legal regulation.

2.National and international tourism policy. Structure of connections and cooperation in the field of tourism.

3.Tourism management system in the Russian Federation.

4.Analysis of tourism policy in Russia and the main directions of regulation of tourism activities.

5. Unions and associations of tourism industry enterprises and their tasks.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Seminar-discussion on topic 3. TOURIST ENTERPRISE - MAIN

LINK OF THE ECONOMY AND TOURIST MARKET.

Goal: to show that in a market economy, a tourism enterprise is a self-organizing social-production organism, an autonomous center of production, economic and management decisions.

Issues for discussion:

1. Tourist enterprise as a business entity.

2. Organizational and legal forms and types of tourism enterprises.

3. Enterprise life cycle. External signs of bankruptcy and the main reasons for a tourism enterprise.

4. Economic accounting at a tourism enterprise Topics of reports/abstracts 1. The procedure for creating tourism enterprises in the Russian Federation.

2. The role of small and medium-sized businesses in tourism.

3. Principles and methods of studying consumer behavior.

4. Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Economic Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” on measures applicable to an insolvent enterprise.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts “Round table”. Topic 4. FIXED AND CURRENT CAPITAL

TOURIST ENTERPRISE

Goal: using analysis methods to reveal the essence, meaning, features of the use of fixed and working capital of a tourism enterprise and Questions for discussion:

1. Concept, essence and purpose of fixed assets, their composition and structure.

2. Valuation of fixed assets, physical and moral wear and tear, depreciation of fixed assets.

3. Working capital of an enterprise as a condition for carrying out business activities.

4. Indicators of the use of fixed assets Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. Features of the reproduction of working capital, their impact on the efficiency of the enterprise.

2. Financial lease (leasing), as the most acceptable and convenient form of solving the problems of updating and replenishing fixed assets of tourism enterprises.

3. Methods of depreciation of fixed assets.

4. Sources of formation of working capital Forms of current control of knowledge: according to the rating system.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Seminar-dispute. Topic 5. LABOR RESOURCES AND WAGES IN

TOURISM

Goal: to understand that the basis, the main resource of a tourism enterprise is labor resources, consisting of workers of various professional and qualification groups employed at the enterprise and included in its payroll and receiving motivated wages.

Issues for discussion.

Features 2. The essence and characteristics of labor in tourism 3. Labor resources of tourism enterprises 4. Wages and their essence 5. The structure of the wage fund 6. Forms and methods of remuneration in tourism.

Topics of reports/abstracts of entrepreneurial activities of enterprises in tourism.

2. Vertical and horizontal structure of personnel at enterprises of the tourism industry.

3. Labor motivation and its importance in tourism enterprises.

4. “Qualification requirements (professional standards) for the main positions of workers in the tourism industry.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Seminar Topic 6. FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF TOURIST

ENTERPRISES.

Goal: to understand the importance of finance as the most important resource for the effective operation of a tourism enterprise and timely financial settlements.

Issues for discussion:

1. Organization of financial activities of a tourism enterprise 2. Sources of formation of financial resources 3. Investment activities of a tourism enterprise.

Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. The essence and functions of finance.

2. Circulation of financial resources of a tourism enterprise.

3. Risks in the tourism business. Types and characteristics 4. The effect of financial leverage in the activities of a tourism enterprise.

Seminar. Topic 7. PRODUCTION COSTS OF A TOURIST ENTERPRISE Goal: to form a stable concept that the production costs of a tourism enterprise are an economic category that reflects the costs of living and material labor for the production and sale of a tourism product, expressed in monetary form.

Issues for discussion:

1. The essence, structure and composition of production costs 2. Composition and classification of costs included in the cost of a tourism product 3. Management of production costs Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. Justification of the need to manage production costs of a tourism enterprise.

2. "Direct costing". Its essence, features and advantages 3. Risks in the tourism business. Their types and characteristics 4. The concept of costs and cost of services.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts.

Discussion. Topic 8. TAXES AND TAXATION IN TOURISM Goal: to form a scientific understanding and the foundations of tax culture among future specialists in the tourism industry, to explore the essence and meaning of taxation and the tax system, features of taxation in the tourism system and ways to improve the efficiency of the enterprise in the current tax system.

Issues for discussion:

1.Amount, types and characteristics of taxes.

2.Features of taxation of tourism enterprises.

3 Analysis of the tax burden on the activities of a tourism enterprise 4 Formation of financial results of tourism industry enterprises.

Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. Ways to improve the efficiency of a tourism enterprise under the current tax system.

2. Tax system in the Russian Federation.

3. Ways to improve the efficiency of a tourism enterprise under the current tax system.

4. Methods for minimizing tax payments. Tax shield as a tool for legitimate protection of enterprise income from taxation.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Discussion. Topic 9. PRICING IN TOURISM.

Purpose: to conduct a study of the effectiveness of the pricing policy of the tourism enterprise; consider aspects of obtaining maximum profit when selling products.

Issues for discussion:

1. The essence of price as an economic category 2. Pricing policy in tourism.

3. The procedure for pricing in tourism.

4.Methodology for calculating the price of a tourism product.

5. Penalties for violations in the field of pricing.

Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. Prices and their classification 2. Pricing methods.

3.Methods of price regulation 4.Corporate pricing policy 5.Main elements of the price structure in tourism and their characteristics.

6.Inflation and sliding price conditions. The final price level of a tourism product.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Discussion. Topic 10. INCOME, PROFIT AND PROFITABILITY TOURIST –

WHOM COMPANIES

Purpose: to conduct a study of the effectiveness of the pricing policy of the tourism enterprise; consider the main aspects of “profit maximization” when selling products.

Issues for discussion:

1. Income of a tourism enterprise and sources of its formation.

2. Sources of formation and mechanism for distribution of profits of a tourism enterprise.

3. Profitability of economic activities of a tourism enterprise.

4.Economic analysis of profit and profitability Topics of reports/abstracts:

1. The concept of economic benefit. Income. Types of income.

2. The concept of Profit. Profit functions. Types of profit.

3. Algorithm for calculating the tax base and the amount of income tax of a tourism enterprise.

4. Principles of profit distribution. The main ways to increase 5. The concept of profitability. Its types of profitability and indicators are the most common in the practice of tourism enterprises.

6. Profitability threshold. Financial safety margin and its calculation Forms of current knowledge control: according to the rating system.

Forms of control of students’ independent work: reports, abstracts Students are allowed to take the exam:

Those who have successfully defended an independent work - an essay on the topic of one of the sections of the course, - who have successfully passed the midterm control (full-time students), - are admitted to the exam.

On the eve of the test (exam), the teacher conducts a consultation, where students receive clarification on questions that arose during preparation for the test (exam).

Students who have permission to take the test (exam) early must inform the teacher in advance. The schedule for their test (exam) is set by the teacher.

Students who have official permission to freely attend classes are recommended to agree with the teacher at the beginning of the semester on the form and procedure for reporting on the course being studied, and the possibility of receiving individual assignments in order to successfully study and pass it.

Directly during the test (exam) in the process of preparing for the answer, it is prohibited to use educational literature and lecture notes.

The student can have an economic or foreign economic dictionary with him and use it when preparing answers to the questions on the ticket.

Answers must be relevant to the questions asked, specific and clear. The student must master the basic conceptual apparatus of the course being studied. If the answer requires you to outline the evolution of the process, list its stages, and indicate the economic consequences. References to legislative acts and administrative regulations presuppose their correct name, knowledge of the subject and scope of regulation.

Coverage of any trends or dynamics of processes in the answer must be based on objective figures. Of course, knowledge of exact data is not required, but the order of the numbers must be maintained. If the teacher does not agree to accept the answer as correct, the student must be ready to confirm their correctness with a reference to the source of information (provide a textbook, magazine, dictionary, etc.). The teacher has the right to ask the student additional questions along the way or at the end of the answer as part of the exam question, with the purpose of objective assessment of the student’s knowledge. The positive participation of the student in preparing, conducting seminars and discussions in the form of reports, speeches and messages on the course being studied is, of course, taken into account by the teacher and is reflected in a positive assessment on the test (exam).

The schedule for accepting debts is agreed upon with the dean’s office and during the session students are given the opportunity to retake the test (exam).

Outside the session, debt collection is carried out according to a separate schedule and requires separate agreement with the teacher.

1. The essence and content of tourism.

2. The concept and content of the categories “tourist product”, “tourist service”.

4. System of tourism indicators and their characteristics.

5. The concept of the economic environment and conditions for the functioning of tourism.

6. Tourism policy and its essence.

7. Main objectives and directions of tourism development.

8. Tourist enterprise as a business entity.

9. Organizational and legal forms and types of tourism enterprises.

10. Economic calculation as a method of managing a tour enterprise.

11. The essence, composition and types of fixed assets of a tourism enterprise.

12. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets. Leasing.

13. Indicators of evaluation and efficiency of use of fixed assets.

14. Working capital of a tourism enterprise: essence, structure.

15. Sources of formation of working capital of a tourism enterprise.

16. Management of working capital of a tourism enterprise.

17. The essence and characteristics of labor in tourism.

18. 18.Characteristics of the labor resources of tour enterprises and their composition.

19. Wages and its essence.

21. Organization of wages at a tourism enterprise.

22. Tariff system and its characteristics.

23. Forms and system of remuneration at tourism enterprises.

24. Composition of the wage fund at a tourism enterprise.

25. Intangible assets, sources of acquisition, depreciation.

26. The essence of production costs in tourism.

27. Classification of costs by elements and their characteristics.

28. Production cost management.

29. Pricing and its essence. Price functions.

30. Pricing principles.

31. Characteristics of prices by type.

32. Pricing policy of the enterprise and its role in enterprise management.

33. The procedure for pricing in tourism.

34. Methodology for calculating the price of a tourism product.

35. Taxes and taxation. Characteristics of taxes included in the price of a tourism product.

36. Finance as an object of management.

37. Financial management methods: essence, concept.

38. Sources of formation of financial resources. The essence of the financial leverage effect.

39. Investments: concept, essence, types, calculation methods.

40. Income: essence, sources of formation in a tourism enterprise.

41. Characteristics of the indicator “sales revenue”.

42. The economic essence of profit. The procedure and directions for its use in a tourism enterprise.

43. Profitability of a tourism enterprise, methods for measuring it.

44. The role and importance of the financial service of a tourism enterprise.

45. The essence of economic analysis, its significance and role in the management of a tourism enterprise.

46. ​​Analysis of the financial condition of a tourism enterprise. Characteristics of indicators of its financial stability.

47. The concept of solvency and liquidity, indicators of their assessment and methods of determination.

48. Planning: essence, types, principles.

49. Planning methods and their characteristics.

50. Financial planning. Characteristics of the balance of income and expenses.

51. Business plan: essence, meaning, types.

52. Tax system and its elements. Principles of taxation and functions of taxes. Features of taxation in tourism.

53. Taxes and taxation in tourism.

- studying and assimilation of lecture material;

-preparation for practical classes and tests;

- study of additional literature on sections indicated by the lecturer;

- solving standard problems as assigned by the teacher;

- preparation for the exam Questions:

1. It is known that the excess of exits over entries creates a negative 2. balance. This situation is also typical for such developed countries as Germany, Denmark, and Holland. Identify and formulate the positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon. What are the ways to overcome it?

3. Identify the main factors shaping the development of tourism. What type of tourism 4. Identify the factors of the negative impact of tourism on the external environment and explain their consequences.

5. Formulate the basic conditions for the functioning of tourism, determine the priority of each of them.

6. Conduct an analysis of tourism policy in the Russian Federation and name the main directions for regulating tourism activities.

7. Identify the factors of the negative impact of tourism on the external environment and explain their consequences.

8. Formulate the basic conditions for the functioning of tourism, determine the priority of each of them.

9. Conduct an analysis of tourism policy in the Russian Federation and name the main directions for regulating tourism activities.

10. Provide a diagram for calculating the feasibility of creating a tourist enterprise. Under what conditions can it be created?

11. What is franchising? Consider using a franchise in the tourism business. Note the pros and cons.

12. Analyze the reasons for the bankruptcy of a tourism enterprise and rank them in order of importance. What is the enterprise's response to a crisis?

13. Determine the size of the change in the level of labor costs in the reporting year based on the following data:

14. level of labor costs in the previous year - 33%;

growth rate in the reporting year:

a) labor productivity - 12.6%;

b) average salary - 9.2%.

15. Determine the increase in sales volume due to an increase in labor productivity and the number of employees based on the following Indicator Previous Reporting Changes Rate Sales volume, million rubles Number of employees, people.

16Carry out an analysis of the structure of the wage fund of a tourism enterprise and determine the share of payments from funds included in the cost of the tourism product and the profit of the enterprise.

17. Provide a diagram for calculating the feasibility of creating a tourist enterprise. Under what conditions can it be created?

18. What is franchising? Consider using a franchise in the tourism business. Note the pros and cons.

19. Analyze the reasons for the bankruptcy of a tourism enterprise and rank them in order of importance. What is the enterprise's response to a crisis?

20. Justify the need to manage production costs of a tourism enterprise.

21. What caused the need to divide costs into fixed and variable? Identify the relationship between the first and second groups of costs on sales volume.

23. What is the meaning of taxation of tourism activities?

1. The work is performed on one side of a sheet of A 4 format.

2. Font size 14, line spacing (single).

3. The volume of work should be from 10 to 15 sheets (including attachments).

4. The margins left at the edges of the sheet have the following dimensions:

left - 30 mm; right - 15 mm; top - 15 mm; bottom - 15 mm.

Title page;

The introduction should include a brief rationale for the relevance of the topic of the abstract. In this part it is also necessary to show why this issue may be of scientific interest and what practical significance it may have.

Main material;

Conclusion;

Conclusion is the part of the abstract in which the conclusions of the paragraphs are formulated and attention is drawn to the fulfillment of the tasks and goals set in the introduction. The conclusion should be clear, concise, and follow from the main part.

Bibliography.

1. Page numbering is placed in the lower right corner, starting with the introduction (page 3). The page number should not be placed on the title page and contents.

7. The names of sections and subsections in the text must exactly correspond to the names given in the contents.

8. Tables are placed in the flow of presentation and must have a serial number. (For example: Table 1, Figure 1, Diagram 1, etc.).

9. In tables and in the text, units of measurement for large numbers should be enlarged depending on the required accuracy.

10. Graphs, figures, tables, diagrams follow after the reference to them and are located symmetrically relative to the center of the page.

11. The list of references indicates the full name of the source, authors, place of publication, publisher, year of publication and number of pages.

12. Knowing the topic of your work, determine its content in general terms and draw up a preliminary plan.

13. Determine the list of literature that should be read. As you read, mark and write down what should be included in the work.

14. Gradually develop an increasingly detailed plan, indicating next to the points and subpoints from which literary source the necessary material should be taken.

15. In the introduction to the work, be sure to reveal the meaning of the chosen topic.

16. In the main part of the abstract (report), consistently disclose all the questions provided for in the plan, justify and explain.

3. Tourism as a type of economic activity 4. State regulation and legal regulation.

5. National and international tourism policy. Structure of connections and cooperation in the field of tourism.

6. Tourism management system in the Russian Federation.

7. Analysis of tourism policy in Russia and the main directions of regulation of tourism activities.

8. Unions and associations of tourism industry enterprises and their 9. The procedure for creating tourism enterprises in the Russian Federation.

10. The role of small and medium-sized businesses in tourism.

11. Principles and methods of studying consumer behavior.

12. Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Economic Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” on measures applicable to an insolvent enterprise.

13. Features of the reproduction of working capital, their impact on the efficiency of the enterprise.

14. Financial lease (leasing), as the most acceptable and convenient form of solving the problems of updating and replenishing fixed assets of tourism enterprises.

15. Methods of depreciation of fixed assets.

16. Sources of working capital formation 17. The main difference between tourism and other types of activities. Features of the tourism product.

entrepreneurial activity of enterprises in tourism.

19. Vertical and horizontal structure of personnel at enterprises of the tourism industry.

20. Labor motivation and its importance in tourism enterprises.

21. “Qualification requirements (professional standards) for the main positions of workers in the tourism industry.

22. The essence and functions of finance.

23. Circulation of financial resources of a tourism enterprise.

24. Risks in the tourism business. Types and characteristics 25. The effect of financial leverage in the activities of a tourism enterprise.

26. Justification of the need to manage production costs of a tourism enterprise.

27. "Direct costing". Its essence, features and advantages 28. Risks in the tourism business. Their types and characteristics 29. The concept of costs and cost of services.

30. Ways to improve the efficiency of a tourism enterprise under the current tax system.

31. Tax system in the Russian Federation.

32. Ways to improve the efficiency of a tourism enterprise under the current tax system.

33. Methods for minimizing tax payments. Tax shield, like taxation.

34. Prices and their classification 35. Pricing methods.

36. Methods of price regulation 37. Corporate pricing policy 38. The main elements of the price structure in tourism and their characteristics.

39. Inflation and sliding price conditions. The final price level of a tourism product.

40. The concept of economic benefit. Income. Types of income.

41. Concept of Profit. Profit functions. Types of profit.

42. Algorithm for calculating the tax base and the amount of income tax of a tourism enterprise.

43. Principles of profit distribution. The main ways to increase profits.

44. The concept of profitability. Its types of profitability and indicators are the most common in the practice of tourism enterprises.

45. Profitability threshold. Margin of financial strength and its calculation 46. The concept of economic benefit. Income. Types of income.

47. Concept of Profit. Profit functions. Types of profit.

48. Algorithm for calculating the tax base and the amount of income tax of a tourism enterprise.

49. Principles of profit distribution. The main ways to increase profits.

50. The concept of profitability. Its types of profitability and indicators are the most common in the practice of tourism enterprises.

51. Profitability threshold. Margin of financial strength and its calculation 52. Ways to improve the efficiency of a tourism enterprise under the current tax system.

53. Tax system in the Russian Federation.

54. Ways to improve the efficiency of a tourism enterprise under the current tax system.

55. Methods for minimizing tax payments. Tax shield as a tool for legitimate protection of enterprise income from taxation.

The basic publications for the development of this teaching materials, as well as for studying the educational course “Economics of the Tourist Market” by MGUKII students of all forms of study are the following, the main ones:

- “Economics and organization of tourism. International tourism". Ed.

I.A.Ryabova, Yu.V.Zabaeva, E.L. Drachevoy. M.: Kronus, 2005.-576 (Approved by the Educational and Methodological Association for Education in the Field of Production Management as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions. Second edition) - V.V. Bogaldin - Malykh. “Marketing and management in the field of tourism with socio-cultural services: tourist, hotel, restaurant and entertainment complexes.” Tutorial. Recommended by the Editorial and Publishing Council of the Russian Academy of Education for use as a teaching aid.” M.: Publishing house. Moscow Psychological and Social Institute; Voronezh: Publishing house NPO "MODEK", 2009, - p. (Series “Culture and Tourism”.

additional:

1. Morozov M.A. Economics and entrepreneurship in sociocultural services and tourism. Textbook.- M.: 2. Azar V.I., Tumanov S.Yu. Economics of the tourist market. – M.:

Science, 3. Hotel and tourism business. Under. ed. prof. Chudnovsky A.D. – M.: Association of Authors and Publishers “Tandem”. Publishing house EKMOS, 2009.

4. Tourism and hotel management. Textbook / Ed. Prof., Doctor of Economics

EKMOS Publishing House, 5. Economics and organization of business activities in the service sector. Textbook for students of universities. MGUS, 6. Economics of tourism. A manual for students of higher educational institutions. Bogolyubov V.S., Orlovskaya V.P. IC Academy, 7. S.A. Bystrov., M.G. Vorontsova. Tourism: macroeconomics and microeconomics. M.,-S.-P-b. 8. A.B.Zdorov. Economics of tourism. M., “Finance and Statistics”, 2007

Students can obtain textbooks from the university library.

74.00ya73 P44 Podlasy I.P. P44 Pedagogy: 100 questions - 100 answers: textbook. manual for university students / I.P. Podlasy. - M.: Publishing house VLADOS PRESS, 2006. - 365 p. - (Attention exam!). ISBN 5 305 00038 6. The manual contains answers to the main exam questions on the pedagogy course. Using this manual makes it easier...”

“Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Samara State Pedagogical University P U BG SP F VS o al FINE ARTS ATIM Textbook for students of the Faculty of Primary Education IYANZDHINY ON TRACK EL Samarait Publishing House SGPU Sa UDC 73/76 (075.8) P I U bG Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Samara State Pedagogical University SP I 38 FINE ARTS: A textbook for students...”

“Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service I.L. FOMINYH FUNDAMENTALS OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICE Textbook Vladivostok Publishing House VGUES 2004 BBK 36.99ya73 F 76 Reviewers: N.V. Shchenikova, Doctor of Engineering. Sciences, Professor of the Department of TiGRB VSUES; S.F. Kryabanova, Ph.D. ist. Sciences, Professor of the Department of OS VSUES Fominykh I.L. F 76 FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNOLOGY AND FOOD SERVICE: Textbook. allowance. – Vladivostok: Publishing house VGUES, 2004. – 136 p. The manual was developed in...”

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"MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF FSBEI HPE KAZAN STATE ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING DESIGN DESIGN OF AUDITIARY HALLS Methodological instructions (added and revised) for the implementation of calculation-graphic and coursework for the course Architectural acoustics for students of specialties 270114.65 Building design, 070603.65 Interior art Kazan – 2013 Compiled by: Professor Udler Evgeniy Mikhailovich Approved at the meeting...”

“METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS IN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL LAW ON EDUCATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (based on materials prepared using information posted by the Center for Applied Legal Developments of the Institute of Education of the National Research University Higher School of Economics on the information portal 273-FZ.rf) TOPIC 1: FORMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EDUCATION FIRE PROGRAM . FORMS OF RECEIVING EDUCATION. FORMS OF TRAINING. TRAINING ACCORDING TO AN INDIVIDUAL CURRICULUM. COMPLIANCE FOR GENERAL EDUCATION QUESTION: What are the differences...”

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“Federal Agency for Education AMUR STATE UNIVERSITY GOUVPO AmSU APPROVED Head. Department of Computer Science and Technology _ I.V. Abakumova _ 2007 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN LIGHT INDUSTRY EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPLEX FOR DISCIPLINE for specialty 260901 – Technology of sewing products Compiled by: T.A. Tibenko Blagoveshchensk 2007 Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Faculty of Applied Arts of Amur State University T.A. Tibenko Information..."

"SMOLENSK HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY PLETENEVSKAYA N.N. FUNDAMENTALS OF PSYCHODIAGNOSIS Educational and methodological manual (for correspondence students studying in the specialty 030301.65 (020400)-Psychology) Smolensk - 2008 2 PROGRAM (CONTENT) OF AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE Section I: INTRODUCTION Topic 1. Specifics of diagnosis as a type of cognitive activity Understanding diagnosis as a special type of cognitive process. Diagnostics as recognition. Correlating diagnostic activities with the process...”

“Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Moscow State University of Culture and Arts V.K. Klyuev LEGAL SUPPORT OF THE OPERATION OF A MODERN RUSSIAN LIBRARY Textbook MOSCOW 2003 1 BBK 78.34(2)ya73 K 52 Published by decision of the Editorial and Publishing Council of the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts Klyuev V.K. K 52 Legal support for the work of a modern Russian library: Textbook. allowance / Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation; Moscow state University of Culture and Arts. - M.:...”

“Federal Agency for Education AMUR STATE UNIVERSITY GOUVPO AMSU APPROVED Acting. head Department of Design E.B. Koroby_2007 TYPOLOGY OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPLEX FOR DISCIPLINE for specialty 070603 – Interior Art Compiled by: L.A. Kuzlyakina Blagoveshchensk 2007 Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Faculty of Applied Arts of Amur State University L.A. Kuzlyakin Educational and methodological complex in the discipline...”

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"MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL ACADEMY OF URBAN ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD Kharkov KHNAGH 2011 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, M YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL ACADEMY OF URBAN ECONOMY Guidelines for practical and independent studies in the discipline Fundamentals of Economics and social geography of the world for foreign students of the preparatory department..."

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"State Academy of Culture and Arts MUSICAL PEDAGOGY Curriculum and methodological instructions Samara 2008 1 Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Samara State Academy of Culture and Arts Department of Pedagogy and Psychology..."

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At the local, regional, national and international levels, ecology and economics, including tourism, are integrated into a system in which cause-and-effect relationships operate. However, as already noted, the subordination of the tourism sector to government authorities at various levels prevents the unification of the components of tourism policy. The creation of a coordinating body would partially help solve the problem. However, the state will still have to manage an area with which it is not very familiar. A more promising way to manage the tourism industry is to transfer knowledge to subjects of the tourism industry that will help them develop their own investment and communications strategy. Improving this knowledge will allow tourism to have a greater influence on the discussion of important issues of modern life and strengthen its position in these issues. For example, the share of tourism, as is known, depends significantly on the preservation and “promotion” of national heritage. Tourism should not only participate, but also be perceived as a leading element in all processes relating to national heritage. This will influence both the impression created by the tourism industry as a whole and the political significance of the tourism industry.

States must clearly identify and promote what can be important for tourism development, in particular specific measures to develop tourism on a global scale. Abandoning protectionist policies, ensuring the right to rest and increasing the duration of vacations are all, of course, desirable, but will have positive consequences only if these measures are recognized as national priorities. It is important to formulate the basic political principles and consolidate them in work programs, to clearly define the degree and direction of the necessary government intervention in the tourism sector.

The state's responsibility for the development of tourism and its participation in attracting investment are certainly of great importance. However, the following processes are no less important:

Control over the development of tourism activities, based on the concept of planned development and determination of national priorities;

Development of infrastructure within the competence of authorities, both state and local. This is the basis of any socio-economic activity, including tourism;

State intervention, if necessary, for example, in the production of equipment for those areas in which the private sector will not be able to count on high profits, and therefore will not be interested in investing, say, for social, youth, cultural tourism. The same goes for

International competition, national interests and the specifics of the industry are the main reasons that require the participation of government agencies in the management of the tourism industry. At the initial stage of development of the infrastructure of the tourism industry, the state strongly supported people’s desire to travel and created the appropriate conditions for this. However, by the mid-60s of the XX century. The activities that were carried out in this direction were exclusively quantitative in nature. The state promoted the development of large cities, at the same time they were centers of tourism. They are interconnected by a network of roads, which in itself contributed to the use of road transport for tourism purposes. Europe has begun to remove natural obstacles that impede car travel. Maritime passenger transport was experiencing a crisis. Charter programs were gaining popularity. “Overseas” tourists joined the tourist flows that were heading to big cities. Following the problem of stimulating the promotion of the national tourism product, government tourism authorities had to solve the issue of transport infrastructure: large cities and main transport routes could no longer cope with the large flow of tourists, especially in the high season. The democratization of tourism has contributed to increased demand for mid-range hotel services and even additional accommodation facilities. At the same time, some countries are faced with a shortage of highly qualified personnel, which has forced government agencies to intervene in resolving personnel training issues.

So, in the second half of the 20th century. A new direction has emerged in the national tourism policies of most European countries. they were concerned not only about the quantitative increase in the tourist flow, but also about its quality, direction and controllability.

In Europe, sea coasts were improved, new destinations and tourist routes were developed, which made it possible to relieve traditional transport arteries. International tourism organizations contributed to the expansion of the area of ​​activity of national tourism structures. In some European countries, special commissions were created, which, with the assistance of international structures, were developing measures to protect national historical, natural and cultural heritage. Independent organizations responsible for preserving the environment, including the natural environment, were created under tourism administrations. The role of the state in these new areas manifested itself beyond the activities of government tourism organizations.

and the implementation of projects that require investments beyond the capabilities of the private sector;

State support for tourism, as well as economic and legal regulation of this area, directly influences investment decisions. Industry projects and development programs that are developed under the auspices of the state help attract funds to this sector.

Tourism development will achieve success with balanced policies at the national and regional levels. Assistance in the development of the industry may include;

Construction of a tourist complex, the structure of which is formed taking into account local specifics (attrats)

Development of local infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, etc.);

Modernization of communications (faxes, telephones, information systems) and infrastructure development (roads, delivery vehicles)

Development of tourism personnel (training and retraining courses for tourism personnel, advanced training courses).

As already noted, the role of the state in attracting investment, including through the introduction of benefits, is important. Let us highlight four categories of benefits through which investments are attracted to the tourism sector:

1) financial benefits - discounts and low-interest loans (the government stimulates the influx of investment from its own funds);

2) benefits of a “financial” nature - the government acts as a guarantor of loans, maintains the exchange rate and develops a system of discounts; contributions from public funds have been significantly reduced and are practically zero;

3) tax benefits - temporary exemption from paying taxes or reducing their amount, as well as other tax benefits (reduction of income tax rates, provision of a loan to pay interest on foreign loans, exemption from land tax, reduction of preferential tariff, preferential duties on import of equipment, etc.). All this will help maintain and (or) increase returns on investment and, in addition, reduce initial costs;

4) other measures - creation of a personnel training system, development of programs to promote national tourism products and the country as a tourist destination, transfer of profits abroad, import of materials and equipment for the industry, attraction of highly qualified personnel, including foreign ones, in general measures aimed at increasing attractiveness of the country's tourist image.

It is also the prerogative of state tourism management bodies to resolve personnel problems. It is an internationally recognized practice that the state monitors the general requirements that tourism workers must meet. For this purpose, professional standards and qualification requirements for persons engaged in one or another professional activity in tourism are developed and adopted at the state level. However, before moving on to the issues of regulating the personnel problem, it is necessary to define the concept of “tourism profession”, which will allow us to more clearly imagine the object of regulation.

Unfortunately, the list of tourism professions has not yet been approved at the international level, although such work is provided for in UNWTO plans. The difficulties of this process are due primarily to the fact that tourism carries out activities that relate to other sectors; it involves both the local population and tourists from other regions or countries (local transport, trade, sports, cultural, sanitary and hygienic services etc.). The UNWTO, together with the UN, has taken several steps towards delineating and describing tourism professions. The first such step was to determine the types of activities in tourism (Sich).

Often in practice, the classification of tourism professions or occupations directly depends on the real importance of this sector of the economy in a particular region.

It is convenient to approach the definition of the concept of “tourist profession” from two sides: theoretical and practical. In theoretical terms, this concept should follow from the concept of “tourism”. But, recognizing the possibility of the existence of various options for classifying the activities of the local population (which may or may not be classified as tourism), there is a need to first determine the criteria on the basis of which tourism professions can be distinguished. Therefore, it is necessary to consider professions that belong specifically to this field of activity, and the persons representing them offer services to tourists directly or indirectly, but they are not subject to the legislation of other sectors of the national economy.

An analysis of national legislative and other regulatory acts gives grounds for the conclusion that tourism professions can be considered primarily those related to receiving, serving tourists and organizing trips: in most countries, the object of regulation is the activities of travel organizers, travel agencies, tour operators, travel agencies, guides and accompanying persons.

The state's recognition of the importance of special professional training in tourism is confirmed, in particular, by the fact that in most countries, in order to obtain a license to engage in tourism activities, one must have a professional education. A similar requirement is put forward for persons wishing to engage in other professional activities related to the reception and service of tourists - up to guides, escorts, excursion guides, etc. Tourism legislation in France, Spain, Hungary, Portugal and other countries contain clear requirements for the level of general and professional training for these categories of workers.

EU member states are tasked with harmonizing legislative and regulatory acts in the field of travel and recreation as part of an integrated tourism product (EU Directive of June 19, 1990 No. 90/814 / SBU).

The process of coordinating professional requirements, the purpose of which is to promote the free exchange of workers in production, also included hotel reception staff, economic department staff, housekeepers, restaurant workers, bartenders, cashiers, receptionists and cooks. Requirements for persons accompanying tourist groups, travel agency employees, congress service employees, tourism advertising and information department employees, technical staff of the reception service at a travel agency, and recreation park employees have been agreed upon.

EU Directive No. 75/368/CEE concerns the conditions under which guides and interpreters may exercise their professional activities, both as travel organizers and as persons accompanying tourists. The provisions of this Directive do not apply to tour guides working in places visited by tourists.

In 1995-1996 pp. Western European countries, which were members of the EU at the time, adopted a list of professions in the hotel and restaurant sectors, as well as qualification requirements for them.

Tourism features in EU vocational education and training programmes.

COMET program provides for cooperation between tourism enterprises and universities in training specialists for tourism using the latest technologies and developments.

ERAZMUS program- a flexible instrument of inter-university cooperation, designed to train specialists for tourism under a single European program and with a single diploma.

PETRA program provides the opportunity to receive an additional one-year or two-year education for all persons who have secondary education.

Nowadays, the secret of the success of most popular tourist centers is explained by the cleanliness of the environment, the effectiveness of environmental protection measures and the originality of the local culture. The deterioration of the quality of the environment and economic conditions, the loss of identity affect the development of tourism.

The surrounding picturesque landscapes and unique natural monuments, diverse flora and fauna, clean air and clean water make up most of the resources that attract tourists. Local governments are responsible for ensuring that resources are managed wisely today so that they can be used by future generations. Tourism revenues can subsidize measures aimed at preserving the environment.

No less important are the planning and development of tourism in the context of preserving cultural heritage. Archaeological excavations and historical monuments, original architecture, original arts and crafts, traditions, the general system of values ​​- all this together makes up the culture of the region, which attracts tourists.

Supporting and preserving the unique historical, cultural and social identity of a particular region is an extremely important component of any development strategy. The state influences these processes by developing special environmental legislation, regulations that determine the possibility of using cultural and historical heritage, as well as by adopting special programs for the development of relevant regions that are promising in terms of tourism.

These mainly relate to tourism areas that require the regulatory influence of the state, even in the most developed countries, where state participation is not as obvious in other sectors of the economy, which are regulated to a much greater extent by the private sector through market mechanisms.

It is obvious that the state is called upon to play a leading role in the development of industries recognized as priorities for a particular country. Each country determines the forms and limits of such participation independently, based on real opportunities, general priorities and the balance of supply and demand in the domestic market. In the same way, issues of cooperation with the private sector are resolved: in which areas it can be considered the most significant and what form it should take to ensure maximum efficiency.

Thus, the role of the state in the development of tourism can be reduced to the following functions:

Regulating tourism activities by developing legislation designed to ensure conditions for fair competition in the tourism services market and protecting consumer rights, as well as defining tax boundaries for the functioning of the tourism industry;

Coordination of tourism development, which includes internal coordination of the activities of participants in the tourism process within the industry and ensuring the harmonious inclusion of tourism in the general economic mechanism, can be considered as external coordination;

Stimulating international exchange by simplifying tourism formalities, as well as creating favorable conditions for the development of domestic tourism;

Ensuring the safety of tourism activities and tourism within the national territory;

Information support for tourism activities, including the collection and processing of statistical data, the release and distribution of advertising and information materials characterizing the state of the industry on a national scale, as well as conducting scientific research in the field of tourism;

Promotion of the national tourism product on the international market;

Personnel training.